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孙子兵法与三十六计 选修课 论文【第一篇】
孙子 兵法 与三 十六 计和 商业 战争
2011级信息学院电信五班
张雪琦
201100120115 本学期我选修了孙子兵法与三十六计这门课,课上老师给我们介绍了关于三十六计的一些知识并且看了一部非常经典的电视剧。电视剧浅显易懂,但是过后回顾细细品味,发觉这些计谋策略是建立在相当的内心修养之上,就如第一计瞒天过海,在计成之前需付巨大的忍耐和耻辱。深刻的看完此剧,必叹一句修心之路何等漫长,古人智慧何等博大精深。
老师在讲课时也列举了大量关于这些计谋的实际应用,我发现大多计策后来被后人应用于商战,惊叹后人用计巧妙的同时也在敬仰这部作品的原作者的前瞻性,一部作品既能够在军事上被广泛认可又能够在我们的生活中发挥广泛作用,这无疑是伟大的。但仔细想一想商场如战场,做生意时的每一步都是步步为营,需要随时掌握最新的消息,有时候更需要比作战更谨慎的态度,本次论文我想就孙子兵法与三十六计和商场上的联系做一次系统的论述。
《三十六计》虽然有其确定的条文在上面,却不能不能生搬硬套,否则还会适得其反,要想熟练的运用它就要潜心琢磨,灵活应用。 踏入商海,做个全局的掌舵者,不但能使你在商场上深谋远虑,进退自如,见风使舵,抓住一个个商机,还能使你掌握现代经营管理技能,成为最能创造效益和利益的人。
经商同作战一样,也不能侥幸获利,而必须在赚钱之前分的准备。谋算对手势力的变化,弄清对手是防备周全、集中强大、情况分明,还是初陷困境、危机四伏、指挥无度。分清敌我情况后,要区别对待。在充分掌握自己所处领域内的要求、结构、现状及趋势占有对策的基础上,对经营的目标、树立什么样的自我形象等等,都要有一个总体的设计。利用三十六计中的方法和技巧展开经营活动,方可蒙蔽对手、战胜对手,达到经营赚钱的目的。
三十六计中的第一计便有很博大的学问。这一计讲究虚虚实实,虚实兼备。虚在于内,而实在于表。用真实的表现麻痹敌人造成对方疏忽。在商业中,当双方同时招标一个项目,互为对手时,为了取得较高的利润,可以事先散布谣言蒙蔽对方。可以请对方老总出来,互相谈谈条件,在酒桌之上坚决不能松口,但是几个小时之后,借着酒醉,隐约透露出你无意于此项工程的想法,那么对方会产生怀疑。之后便在内部造成一种印象,你对此项工程不感兴趣,或者公司资金出了问题,无意于此项工程,当对方通过他的内线得到此消息同时你又在内部造成一种影响时基本上计策已接近尾声,这时你需要做的只是等待,等待你的对手放松警惕,最后不要忘记和你的员工解释这一切。说话要诚恳,告诉他们原因,那样你的形象会提升很高,同时你的威信也会提升,对于提高整个团队的凝聚力也有帮助。一举多得,何乐而不为。然而此法也有缺点,缺点在于使用人前期要有很高得表演天赋,同时还要故做低姿态,同时在员工心理上造成一种无能何挫败得感觉。但是十天之后你得形象会有很大得转变。这就是商人的智慧,瞒天过海蒙蔽对手还体现出了自己的睿智与能力。
通过解析、分类与统计《三十六计》中每条计策的谋略主体,可以发现,谋略主体不外乎三类:己方,敌方,友方。难怪毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中一开篇就直接写道:“谁是我们的敌人?谁是我们的朋友?这是革命成功的首要问题。”
同样,对于企业家而言,分清谁是敌人谁是朋友,堪称为企业发展的首要战略问题。因为不管商界风云如何变幻,也不论企管理论如何层出不穷,己、敌、友永远都是用来对商业主体进行区分的标签。这三者都是战略思维框架中万变不离其宗的主体因素。在全球商界,围绕着己、敌、友,一幕幕商业喜剧在上演,一幕幕商业悲歌在落幕。说到底,商务就是如何处理己、敌、友三者之间的交易··关系,尽管有时看上去并不总是表现为三者之间的关系,而只是两者之间的关系。
三十六计总共由六套计策组成,依次为胜战计、敌战计、攻占计、混战计、并战计、败战计,每套计策都归在一个字的名义之下,六套计策就归在六个字的名义之下。六字依次为:胜、敌、攻、混、并、败。 其实,这六个字就是六大核心原则。从根本上看,这些原则是对战略形势的高度抽象与概括。 这六大原则系贯穿《三十六计》始末的一条思维主线,它不仅稳定了《三十六计》的宏观结构,而且还是《三十六计》微观结构排布的内在线索。
总而言之,孙子兵法与三十六计既是一本军事奇书,又是一本商战典据,作为后人,我们有责任也有义务精心的去研读它、发扬它,希望有朝一日当我们中的任何一个处于商业竞争中时,都能想到当年我们曾选修的这门课,都能想到老师当年的详细讲解和各种实例,真正应用它到我们的生活中去,用计策得来的成功绝不卑鄙,因为无论是战争还是商业竞争,都在考验我们的智慧,都是大脑的一次博弈,胜败在于你能不能看穿全局,掌握主动权。
参考文献:《三十六计与商战实例》(张广明)
论文-孙子兵法【第二篇】
SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR AND COLLEGE STUDENTS’ UNDERTAKING
ENTERPRISE Name: Meng Jiayao Student Number: 1253450 Major: Dentistry Dentistry of Tong Ji University, 200092
Abstract:
As millions of Chinese undergraduates are thrown into the society every year and jobs are really hard to land in current market environment, the unemployment of college students has become a serious problem. Also, those who turn to innovative un-dertakings to obtain employment are so confused by the low rate of success. Now let’s see whether the ancient wisdom of SUN TZU can be of any help here.
Key words: college students, launching an undertaking enterprise, measures to take according to SUN TZU.
Body:
At the very beginning, it will be wise to analyze our strengths and weaknesses. The strengths are obvious: Firstly, we have the degree of undergraduate or Master and we are good at learning new things independently and we indeed have learned
quantities of classic or modern theories and high-level skills. Sometimes we can even lead the trends. Secondly, our imagina-tions are not confined, so novel ideas are often pouring in. Thirdly, most of us have professional skills on IT (information technology), which makes it possible for us to browse on the internet and search for a variety of information. For more, we are full of energy, confi-dence and passion. What’s more, we are free from the family’s burden since most of us are singles.
On the other hand, compared to general entrepreneurs, college students have many disadvantages, too. The lack of social and work experience, especially of interpersonal and commercial net-work and not being so sensitive to current market maybe the chief problems. And the second main problem that prevents students from establishing their own business is initial money. Thirdly, col-lege students tend to be over optimistic to the market condition and undertake those impractical enterprises which are doomed to fail. What’s more, we sometimes refuse to be bothered by little profit and believe we deserve a great one. Therefore, some of us can’t afford to fail and have no psychological preparation for it. For another, the lack of the spirit of bearing hardships and the aware-ness of work hard and perseveringly had become their disadvan-tages. In addition, at present, the majority of college students are
the only one child in their family. The good family environment and the over fondness from their former generations make most stu-dents empty of rough experience, which is quite necessary in in-novative enterprises undertakings. After analyze our personality and know ourselves entirely, let’s just find something useful from SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR, an amazing military strategy book, a worldwide recognized the oldest military treatise from thousands of years ago.
First, in the LAYING PLANS chart, Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.” So as the case the employment is to college students. We are expected by our families and the so-ciety to be recruited in high-paid jobs. In doing so can we survive on our own, realize our self-value and render our service to the de-velopment of our country at last. So we must attach great impor-tance to it, then research, analyze and inquire until we are fully prepared. Anyway, attitude is everything. Second, “ The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.” We learn that as a qualified enterprise undertaker, we need to be smart, honest, determined, courageous and also strict with ourselves. These are
the internal qualities that one must have.
“Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.” Again, SUN TZU shows us the impor-tance of preparing beforehand. Before we decide to launch an en-terprise, it’s rather important to self-locate ourselves. For example, check our bank account; apply for a loan and make sure we can get enough money as enterprise funds. Prepare ourselves psycholog-ically and remind ourselves of the hardships in the first stage of pioneering work, difficulties that we might meet with before we succeed. Know clearly what we really want and what we should do to achieve it. Maybe try to participate in some innovative under-takings competition to assess whether we have the chief qualities of intelligence and ability required in the enterprise.
“Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.”Said by SUN TZU in the chart of WAGING WAR. It’s well known that if you want to succeed as badly as you want to breathe, then you can be successful. So, if we want to
make it big in our business field, we need to be totally motivated and inspired. And at last, our rewards will be the realization of our dreams.
“The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.” After managing to start an enter-prise, cooperation with other people is inevitable. At this time, as a colleague or a leader, we must learn to bring our emotions under control, improve the smooth flow of new ideas and constructive suggestions in our working teams. “The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.” ” If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.” Similar les-sons that SUN TZU taught us to be a wonderful leader are given above. Young college students are faced with the intense competition from the general entrepreneurs, veterans in commerce, and a good number of sophisticated business elites. So it is quite vital to decide
on certain business areas where less fierce competitions exist to undertake our pioneering work. As is said by SUN TZU,” If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.” Other words like:” If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.” So we should know what fields the mar-ket provides for us and select from them what really suits us. “When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dange-rously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In desperate position, you must fight.”
A report released recently has mentioned the following areas where college grads can give it a try. “Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.”
High-tech areas. This one is suitable for those who have ho-norable academic grades and have outstanding technology edges over others. For details: software designing, webpage
making, web service, mobile game development and so on. Intelligence service areas. “We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are fa-miliar with the face of the country” And this is just the most fa-miliar one with us, for most of us have the experience of working as family teachers or internship as translators. And the fact that we can make full use of the education resources in universities and get rid of the excessive initial costs make it more popular. Franchisees field. Cooperate with other mature companies to open chain business may be another good way to lower the threshold of doing business and decrease the odds of failure. Sage SUN TZU said that “We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.” So we had better choose companies which have at least five years of operating time and other ten established franchisees then evaluate them according to our own criteria. You can choose, for example, fast food industries, household
service, general school shops or digital printing shops. Online shops opening. It’s a small business but also a profitable one if the promos are successful. Most of college students are regular customs at TaoBao, DanDang or something else and often attracted by cheap and nice things like clothes, books or pocket electronic machines. So we can accumulate initial money for our further enterprises in this way. There should be also proper tactics when carrying out your project. “All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.” There being something different from the interpretations in the chart of WEAK POINTS AND STRONG, others’ successful tactics should be adopted by us if impossible in our pioneering work. But creative and diversified methods are necessary too, since “The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.” So the pioneering un-dertakers who thoroughly understand the advantages that accom-pany variation of tactics know how to handle their enterprises.”
“The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not
on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.” (From the chart VARIATION IN TACTICS)That is to say, there is no use crying over failing to be blessed by the lucky gods, what is more important is to drill our-selves to achieve strong executive abilities and competence. Then there come the constant opportunities.
With so many familiarities between SUN TZU’s thoughts on wars and the innovative enterprises undertakings, we can always acquire what we need in our pioneering work and gradually set up or own patterns or models in our paths to success. If I am given a chance to provide some suggestions to those brilliant undertakers that would be: Fight it till make it. Be confident, organized, hard working, brave, and active all the time. Never say die. Know your-self and figure out the market running clearly. At last, keep SUN TZU’s words in mind and be an outstanding commander or soldier in your battlefield of enterprise undertaking.
Acknowledgement: The translations are extracted from Lionel Giles ’s (1910) complete work as titled SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR. Other information is from Survey Report on the Innovative Undertakings of College Students written by Lisa Xia.
有关孙子兵法论文【第三篇】
这本书是本学期初新教师培训上,一位有多年经验的班主任给我们这群“菜鸟”新教师推荐的。虽然我在这个学年没能担任班主任一职,但是冥冥中觉得这本书对我在今后与学生的相处交流会有很大帮助,所以我找到了这本书来阅读、来学习。这本书中的观点给人一种耳目一新的感觉,认真研读了这本书,收获颇丰。
《班主任兵法》是一本介绍班主任工作和学生管理的一本书,此书的作者是万玮老师。它记述了作者在担任班主任期间与学生之间“斗智斗勇”的教育故事。我读过之后,觉得许多做法操作性强,有借鉴意义,收获很多。 这本书主要是把古代的《孙子兵法》恰到好处地运用在教育教学管理上,用兵法里的精髓来诠释班主任工作的点点滴滴。作者把兵法运用于班主任管理实践中,这种做法很创新。 这本书一共分为二个篇章,上篇:理论篇:自保第一、攻心为上、战略战术、阵地战、游击战等篇。又给我们生动地诠释了一些班主任工作的理论,幽默风趣,独到精辟。下篇:实践篇,书中的每一个标题,都是四字词语:倒转乾坤、一声叹息、当头棒喝、敲山震虎、顺水推舟、一石二鸟等,新颖的题目带着我们走进几十个动人心魄的故事,他以爱学生为前提的,想学生之所想,急学生之所急,想方设法去教育学生,去引导学生,去影响学生,真正关注学生的健康成长和发展。
读书的时候回想到一些发生在我自己身上的事情,时时对照自己的做法,发现自己还有很多的不足:一次语文老师跟我们分享学生的作文,作文主题是学生眼中的老师。从她口中我得知自己原来在学生眼中是一个“没有威严”的“和蔼可亲”的“大姐姐”,学生们表示一点都不“怕”我。书中提到,“对一名新教师而言,与学生保持一定距离是自保的一条途径。因为新教师还不太懂教育的规律,与学生太近,很容易被学生所伤。这就好像与敌人作战,如果敌强我弱,那还是与敌人离得远一点比较好。与学生保持距离,可以弥补新教师经验的不足,因为离学生太近,被学生一眼看出虚实,从此对你没大没小,甚至称兄道弟,这教师的威信可就一点都没有了。很多有经验的老教师,是绝对不会让学生靠的很近的。学生对他们可谓既敬且怕,一些平日里不苟言笑对学生冷若冰霜的教师偶尔露出一点笑脸,学生会觉得特别温暖。作文里都会写上。而新教师即使对学生笑得再灿烂,学生可能还不会买账。”
对学生如何保持距离,是不是意味着就要远远的离着学生呢?这显然也是不合理的。与学生“近身战斗”,首先要走进学生的内心世界,走进学生内心教师首先得敞开自己的心灵,这需要老师很高的技巧。这个技巧需要我在今后的学生工作中不断的实践积累。
言传身教是老师影响学生的最重要的方式之一。身教也是自保的重要途径。现在的学生和家长维护自身权益的意识很强,对于教师和学校的一些做法,部分家长会选择投诉。平时的言行举止不要太过随便,自己觉得是不拘小节,但是在学生眼里他们会想“老师这么做,是不是意味着我也可以”。上学期末晚自习坐班的时候,一个学生向我请教问题,我给他作了解答,等解答完毕时我发现许多同学在交头接耳。当我让大家安静下来的时候,他们告诉我自己在问问题,并且老师你也在给人解答,问什么我们底下就不可以?当然,夹杂在中间,事实上还有很多浑水摸鱼聊天的同学。这种情况就是我没有起到言传身教的作用。
与学生相处,想要获得学生的喜爱,比较好的做法还有要保有一些自己的“绝活”。比如有的老师有特殊的技能。和我搭班的一个老师,会弹吉他,并不一定谈得特别棒,但是军训期间,他就凭借这手绝活,俘获了班级学生的认可。比如专业知识非常渊博,如果一个老师在学生问问题时都回答不了,那又如何让学生信服?如果有这种情况,也许就该多看专业书,多做练习题了。
幽默感同样是不可或缺的。同样水平的老师,有幽默感的那个一定是更容易与学生拉近距离的老师。如果幽默感实在太差,还有一个好办法,就是多参加体育活动。更学生一起打个羽毛球,一起讨论一下篮球比赛。也许,在学生心中这样的老师一定更受崇拜。
书中提到:南宋抗金名将岳飞,以善于用兵著称。他的军队,常常以少击多,以五百人、八百人打败金军几千人、几万人,金兵哀叹曰:“撼山易,撼岳家军难!”岳飞治军,除了严之外,更强调“恩”。部下如果生病,岳飞会亲自参加探望亲自熬汤煎药,部下将领中如果有人远征,岳飞就派自己的夫人去探望他们的妻子,帮助解决生活上的困难。部下战死,岳飞亲自参加葬礼,凭吊死者。所以从普通士兵到将领,无不感恩戴德,愿意以死相报。战斗中,人人向前,从来没有怕死退缩的。在对待下属中,岳飞是把他的“恩德”做到了极致,在教育工作中,班主任如果也能这样对待学生的话,他不成功都很难。普通任课老师如果也能这么做,他在教学过程中一定能受到更多支持。
好的老师应该是刚柔相济的。该刚的时候要刚,该柔的时候要柔。他可以为维护教师自身的权威而对班级不良风气进行大刀阔斧的处罚,也可以在学生情绪激烈之时审时度势,稍作退让。而总体来说,老师对待学生的基本原则应该是既有要求又宽大为怀。老师在对学生严格要求的同时,要体谅学生的难处,要设身处地地为学生着想,学生犯了错,要尽量原谅他,学生没有取得预期的进步,要有耐心,永远给学生机会。这样的老师学生自然信服。既要把谈心看作是心理沟通的过程,更要把谈心看作是感情交流的过程。谈心不是教师单方面的说教,而是为了达到教育目的和学生的一种互动。谈心要交流思想,但首先要交流感情,只有在相互平等、相互尊重的基础上,最重要的是,在谈心的过程中要学会聆听,听学生的想法,听学生的心声!才能建立良好的谈心氛围,才能谈的拢、谈得好。
班主任是班级工作的管理者和引导者,是学校与学生、家长之间联系的纽带和桥梁。教师要让每一个学生都成为“金子”,让每一颗“金子”都闪闪发光,让每一个学生健康快乐地成长,展现自己独特的风采。书中关于新教师应该如何对待学生,如何处理好师生关系的部分对我的指导意义是会非常重大的。
孙子兵法相关论文 孙子兵法论文3100字【第四篇】
《孙子兵法》是春秋末期大军事家孙武所著的一部经典军事著作,也是中国现存最早的兵书,世界上最早的军事著作。被誉为“兵学圣典”,这部书不仅是中华文化的重要遗产,更是华夏儿女的智慧结晶。
《孙子兵法》全书一共13篇,包括《计篇》《作战篇》《谋攻篇》《形篇》《势篇》《虚实篇》《军争篇》《九地篇》《行军篇》《地形篇》《九地篇》《火攻篇》《用间篇》。其中《计篇》讲的是庙算,即出兵前在庙堂上比较敌我的各种条件,估算战事胜负的可能性。曹操评论此篇说:“计者,选将、量敌、度地、料卒、险易、远近计于庙堂也。”作为《孙子兵法》的首篇,《计篇》在一定程度上也可以视为孙子军事思想的集中体现,它从宏观上对政治军事等条件进行分析和研究,并对战争的发展进行预测,其中的“慎战”思想是古代最早的战略概念,“兵者,诡道也”则指出了用兵的要领:运用智谋。这在一定程度上体现了《孙子兵法》全文的核心内容和主要思想。
《作战篇》讲的是作战前的准备和筹划,并着重分析了战争与经济的关系,其主要内容便是“取用于国,因粮于敌”,即作战物资由国家供应,生活物资由敌人供应,从而在最大程度上利用国家的现有资源并减小对经济的损失。“胜敌而益强”,在战争中不断扩充自己,增强自己的实力。而“兵贵胜,不贵久”也体现了孙子“速战速决”的进攻战略思想。
《谋攻篇》则进入了作战谋划阶段,讲用智谋克敌取胜。“上兵伐谋,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城”,从这里可以看出,孙子并不主张用战争解决问题,“不战而屈人之兵,善之善者也”,能用其他手段解决问题就绝不发动战争,这也与其“慎战”的思想相吻合。“知彼知己,百战不殆”也出自于此篇,这也说明孙子所提出的谋略是建立在敌我双方力量的基础上的,这也是《孙子兵法》的高明之处,它不是单单强调谋略诡道,而是强调实力与谋略兼备,不能一味地追求高明的计策,而忽视对自身硬实力的培养。
前3篇是战略运筹阶段,《形篇》《势篇》《虚实篇》则讲的是作战指挥,即如何利用各方面的因素获得战争的胜利。《形篇》中“胜可知,而不可为”说明有充足的准备,胜利可以预知,这也说明客观因素的重要性,但如果没有取胜的形势也不能强求。《势篇》则强调主观能动性,即使客观因素并不占上风,通过改变兵力的配置、士气的勇怯等主观因素也能取得胜利。《虚实篇》则进一步提出“胜可为也”,强调通过主动的技巧取得战争胜利。“行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也”,合理地进行战略运筹,对战争具有很大的帮助。
《军争篇》《九地篇》《行军篇》讲的是战场机变。其中《军争篇》讲如何夺取会战的先机之利。“疾如风,徐如林,假掠如火,不动如山”“三军可夺气,将军可夺心”“以逸待劳,以近待远,以饱待饥”等思想说明战争中要掌握主动权,先于敌人造成有利态势和制胜条件。而“高陵勿向,背丘勿逆,佯北勿从,锐卒勿攻,饵兵勿食,归师勿遏,围师遗阙,穷寇勿迫”也成为指导用兵打仗的基本原则。但《九变篇》又提出战术并非一成不变,而要根据不同情况采取不同的战术。“君命有所不受”正说明在战争复杂多变的环境下,不能固执拘泥、不知变通,而要随机应变,即使君王的命令也不一定要听从。这3篇都提到了地形对军队作战方式的影响,遵循《作战篇》中的“利害”原则和《军争篇》的“迁直”原则,提出不同地形下的作战规律,并强调地形是用兵的辅助,善于利用地形优势以事半功倍。在《行军篇》最后孙子提出了用兵的原则:兵不在多,而在于用兵之法的得当,做到不轻敌冒进,并集中兵力,判明敌情,取得部下的信任和支持,也就足够能取得战争的胜利。
最后一部分则是讲一些特殊战法。《火攻篇》讲火攻之法,在冷兵器时代火攻是最有效的战法,因此《孙子兵法》单用一章来讲火攻,这也体观了火攻在古代战争中的重要性。最后1篇《用间篇》讲的是获取情报的方法和间谍的运用,基本上囊括了当时运用间谍的所有方式。历史上有无数明君贤主合理地运用间谍,赢得了战争的胜制,虽然时代不同了,但这些运用间谍的方法仍值得我们学习和研究。
《孙子兵法》渗透了许多辩证思想,辩证法是《孙子兵法》的灵魂。孙子指出,无论攻守、强弱、奇正、远近、虚实等战争中的对立双方,都是相互依存、相互转化的,比如防御时,“备前而后寡,备后则前寡,各左则右寡,备右则左寡,无所不备则无所不寡”。顾此失彼,不可能天衣无缝,总有弱点,若能避实击虚,则能处于上风。所以孙子说:“故逸能劳之,饱能饥之,安能动之。”这种矛盾转化的思想,无疑有很强的进步性。另外,孙子还指出,一切事物都处于不断变化之中,“无穷如天地,不竭如江海”,天地万物都不断发展。《虚实篇》中形容说:“夫兵形象水”“兵无常势,水无常形”,战争与水一样,没有固定的格局,都在永恒变化着,《势篇》也指出:“乱生于治,怯生于勇,弱生于强”。治与乱、勇与怯、强与弱不是固定的。“五行无常胜,四时无常位,日有短长,月有死生”,总之,在战争中,一切皆变。在强调主观能动性时孙子说:“胜可为也。”强调客观因素时,又说:“胜可知,而不可为。”这两者看似矛盾,却蕴含着丰富的哲学智慧。
《孙子兵法》也处处体现了道家的哲学。老子说:“以正治国,以奇用兵,以无为事天下。”孙子继承了老子这个观点,提出了“以正合,以奇胜”的主张;老子认为“上善若水”,孙子也阐述了“夫兵形象水,水之形,避高而趋下”的观点。老子本就强调“生而不有,为而不恃。长而不宰,功成而不居”的无为之功,“上士得道于三军,中士得道于都市,下士得道于山林”,一代兵圣孙子功成身退,世莫知其所踪,这俨然一派老子遗风。但孙子与老子的思想又有着明显的不同,孙子强调的“先发制人”和老子强调的“后发制人”始终是中国古代兵学文化中两条相对独立的重要线索,中国古代的兵学著作都遵循着其中一条线索。“先发制人”的最大优势是先入为主,使自己处于主动优先的境地,首先掌握战争的主动权,但缺点是容易暴露自己的缺陷与问题,容易被对方抓住把柄;“后发制人”的优势是稳健、周全,等待敌人的失误或更好的时机进行行动,但反应太软弱也容易使自己处于被动,或被别人利用。由此可见孙子的兵学思想虽然很完善,但也只是提供了一种基本思路,根据实际情况选择不同的战略战术,才能百战百胜。
《孙子兵法》的意义,不完全在兵法本身,几千年前的军事著作,在今天在军事上虽有一定的指导意义,但作用是很有限的。《孙子兵法》之所以流传千年仍被关注和学习,更多是因为它蕴告了丰富的文化与思想,而这些思想对我们为人处事,都有很大的帮助。《孙子兵法》虽为兵书,但其与《论语》《老子》一样历经千年仍然生生不息,给后世以无限的思考与启迪。
《孙子兵法》强调全局意识,战争的根本目的是达到最终的战略目标,因此无论何时都要顾全大局,目光短浅的人即使侥幸取胜,也只是暂时威风,真正的名将一定有很强的全局意识。在生治中也是一样,真正能够做成大事的人都是目光长远、顾全大局的人。但全局意识又不代表面面俱到,重点意识也很重要。“备前而后寡,备后则前寡,无所不备,则无所不寡”。重点突出,主次分明,才能处于上风。孙子虽然追求全胜,但在实际操作时不能求全,否则瞻前顾后,患得患失,会错失良机。做任何事都是一样,必须要找到重点和关键,才能成功。另外则是变通意识,“涂有所不由,军有所不击,城有所不攻,地有所不争,君命有所不受”,在任何计划实施之前都要准备多种变通之道,做事时随机应变,方能把握机遇,取得成功。
学《孙子兵法》,不是要将其供奉在庙堂之上,而是要用其指导现代的实践,它不应被看作教条的标签,而是要灵活地运用《孙子兵法》中的思想与精神,培养应有的素质和能力,这才是学习《孙子兵法》的意义。
孙子兵法相关论文 孙子兵法论文2500字【第五篇】
读《孙子兵法》有感
《孙子兵法》饱含的哲学思想,主要体现在两个方面:一是朴素的唯物论,二是朴素的辩证法。
哲学回答的首要问题,是主观与客观的关系问题。究竟物质是第一性的,还是意识是第一性的?是存在决定思想,还是思想决定存在?人的主观能不能能动地认识客观,能不能积极地改造客观?《孙子兵法》中有两句哲学至理名言。一句是“ 知彼知己,百战不殆”,讲的是唯物论。
由于对这些问题的观点不同,得出的结论不同,便有了唯物论与唯心论的区别。唯物论又分机械唯物论和辩证唯物论。机械唯物论只强调物质存在的第一性,否认人的主观能动性。辩证唯物论既承认物质存在的第一性,又承认人的主观能动性。唯心论又分客观唯心论与主观唯心论。客观唯心论强调天道鬼神主宰世界。主观唯心论过分夸大人的主观能动性。
《孙子兵法》的生命力,首先在于它的朴素唯物论的世界观。
奴隶主阶级的宗教天命论长期统治着古代人们的思想。商朝以卜为主,而周朝则以筮为主。商周是占卜发展的鼎盛时期。春秋末期,随着奴隶主政治统治的动摇,哲学思想上的天命同反天命、有神论同无神论的对立和斗争十分激烈。在这场反天道鬼神的斗争中,孙武站在了时代的前列。孙武对于“天”作唯物的解释:“天者,阴阳、寒暑、时制也”,这同宗教神学把“天”看作人格化的神是水火不相容的。在战争中,他竭力反对用迷信的方法去预测胜负,主张“禁祥去疑”,“不可取于鬼神,不可象于事,不可验于度,必取于人,知敌之情者也”,表现出鲜明的无神论思想。
孙武认为自然界的天是物质的,天的运动是有规律的,是可以认识和利用的。“四时无常位,日有短长,月有死生”,一切都处在运动、变化之中。自然界的天时、地利,可以使之服务于军事斗争。他在《火攻》中对于天时的利用有许多古朴而珍贵的论述。如“ 昼风久,夜风止”,白天刮了一天风,夜晚风势就会减弱直至停止,因而这一夜就不宜发起火攻。他还发现“月在箕、壁、翼、轸”四个星宿位置时,必然有大风,可以采取火攻。
孙子的朴素唯物论,还表现在他在战争决策问题上主张力避主观、力求客观。如《火攻篇》中说:“主不可以怒而兴师,将不可以愠而致战;合于利而动,不合于利而止。”国君不可以因一时愤怒就轻率地发动战争,将帅也不可以因一时的恼怒而冒然致战。符合国家利益就行动,不符合就停止。从国家利害出发,而不是从主观感情出发,是正确决策的第一步。
《孙子兵法》开卷第1篇就着重论述以“ 五事七计” 预知胜负。“ 五事七计” 就是指综合国力。孙子曰:“故经之以五,校之以计而索其情:一曰道,二曰天,三曰地,四曰将,五曰法。” “ 故校之以计而索其情,曰:主孰有道?将孰有能?天地孰得?法令孰行?兵众孰强?士卒孰练?赏罚孰明?吾以此知胜负矣。”“道”,即民心,即政治信誉。一个国家政治是否清明,民众与君主
是否同心同德,可与君主同生死而无违疑之心,是进行战争的首要条件。孙子之后,孙膑曰:“天地之间,莫贵于人”。儒家孟子在讲“天时、地利、人和”这三者的关系时,将“人和”放到首位。可见,他们的观点与孙武是一致的。打仗总是要由“人”去打,人民如果不愿意效力,这场仗是无论如何也不会取胜的。“天”,是指昼夜、寒暑与四时节令的变化。“地”,是指道路之远近、地势之险厄平易、开阔狭窄与高低向背等地理条件。这都是制约战争胜负的自然物质条件。《 司马法》曰:“冬夏不兴师,所以兼爱吾民也”,就是考虑了“ 天”、“ 地” 自然条件对战争的制约。“将”,要求将帅要具备智谋、诚信、仁爱、勇敢和严明五项卓越品格。惟智能谋,惟信能守,惟仁能爱,惟勇能战,惟严能临。此五者相辅相成,缺一不可。“法”,是指军队的组织编制、将吏的职分管理与军需物资的掌管使用。法严则治,治则强;法疏则乱,乱则衰。法令行,士卒用命,军队战斗力会有显著提升。
为进一步阐述综合国力是决策战争的重要依据,孙子还说:“凡用兵之法,驰车千驷,革车千乘,带甲十万,千里馈粮,内外之费,宾客之用,胶漆之材,车甲之奉,日费千金,然后十万之师举矣。”战争是一件极其消耗人力、物力、财力的事件。如果动用战车千辆,辎重千乘,士卒十万,千里馈粮,每天光是正常开支就要耗费千金。后来曹操对此注曰:“ 购赏犹在外之也。”悬赏的钱还要另外追加。只有具备了这样的财力物力,十万之众的大军才可能开动起来。消耗如此之巨,国家一般承受不起。如果战争陷入胶着状态,势必导致兵锋困顿,锐气挫伤,国家草野之物耗尽,军队战斗力完竭。
唯物论认为,凭感官直觉所得到的认识,不过是一些片面的、表面的现象,它不能反映事物的全貌和本质。“要完全地反映整个事物,反映事物的本质,反映事物内部的规律性,就必须经过思考作用,将丰富的感性材料加以去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的改造制作工夫。造成概念和理论的系统,就必须从感性认识跃进到理性认识。”战争现象较之别的社会现象,更难捉摸,更少确实性,更带所谓‘盖然性’。因此,对于战争现象而言,尤其需要“由此及彼、由表及里的改造制作工夫”,透过现象看本质,使认识不断深化。
实践— 认识— 再实践— 再认识,循环往复以至无穷,这就是唯物论的认识论。战争作为一种特殊的社会现象,更是一个从实践中来、到实践中去,使认识不断深化、从而达到“真知”的过程。孙子曰:“故策之而知得失之计,作之而知动静之理,形之而知死生之地,角之而知有余不足之处。”(《虚实篇》)孙子认为:通过战争实践,即试探性地进攻,可以获取敌人的真实情况。策,原是古代运算时用的一种筹码,转意为筹谋,出谋划策。筹划谋算,研究敌(我)计谋的得失;挑动敌人,掌握敌人的活动规律;侦查敌情,察知敌人的虚实备虞状况;与敌作试探性的接触,较量,以发现敌(我)的有余和不足之处。
孙武认为,充分发挥人的主观能动性,来认清形势、科学决策、正确指挥,运用战争规律指导作战,是能够取得战争主动权的。他所说的“致人而不致于人”(《虚实篇》),就是讲要想办法调动敌人而不被敌人所调动。他还说“故形人而我无形,则我专而敌分。我专为一,敌分为十,是以十攻其一也,则我众敌寡;能以众击寡,则吾之所与战者约矣”(《虚实篇》),也是讲充分发挥人的主观能动性,才能在作战中取得主动,避免被动。
孙武把认识和运用客观规律与发挥主观能动性统一起来,这就可以避免机械唯物论的错误。
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