习俗英语实用3篇
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习俗英语范文1
要点:
1.第一次见面,如何打招呼;
2.餐桌礼仪,注意事项;
3.拜访亲友时,常见的礼节….
注意:
1.词数80–100;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3.文中不能出现与本人相关的信息;
4.开头已写好,不计人总词数。
Customs in China范文1:
Each country has its own customs. In China…
Customs in China
Each country has its own customs. In China, as you can imagine, there are many special customs as well. Now let me tell you about the costums in China.
First of all, you’re supposed to shake hands when you meet someone for the first time, you are not supposed to kiss, and I think there was no reason to kiss, ha ha! Next, there is difficult to learn how to behave at the dinner table, when you eat food at table, You are not supposed to stick your chopsticks into the food, and it’s impolite to point at anyone with your chopsticks. Also, you are not expected to start eating first if there are older people at the table. What is more, it’s rude to show up at someone’s house for the first time with empty hands, you should always bring a small gift like something to drink. And there are so many customs in China. But I think they are worth learning.
As the old saying goes, when in Rome do as the Romans do. Do you think so?
Customs in China范文2:
Each country has its own customs. In China, we have our own customs as well.
习俗英语范文2
春节英语作文(1)
The Spring Festival is an ancient holiday in China, is also one of the most important festival in a year. In the development of Chinese one thousand years of history, there were some relatively fixed customs handed down. For example, sweeping dust, paste couplets, stick grilles, (" f "word, draw pictures and shou sui, etc.
"Lunar 24, dusted off sweep the house", the "spring and autumn annals" recorded in ancient books, in our country, in the era of rao have customs to sweep the dust during the Spring Festival, in addition, sweep the dust and except Chen Bu "new" means.
Also called Spring Festival couplets couplet, peach wood charms against evil, it with dual, delicate words express the desire of the beautiful, is our China's unique literary form. The Spring Festival to stick couplets on the Spring Festival this custom originated in the song dynasty, this part is divided into Spring Festival couplets, bottom allied and horizontal batch.
"F" word, refers to the blessing, good fortune, the Spring Festival is stuck "f" word to express a blessing of relatives and friends. But in order to more fully reflect the blessing, people simply put the "fu" character topsy-turvy stick, said "f" fall ".
Now, put the Spring Festival pictures in urban and rural areas is very common, black heavy variety of pictures for every family to a prosperous and happy festive scene. Collection in our country the earliest newyearpicture is the southern song dynasty of the sui dynasty and graceful in tilting the ground of woodcut New Year pictures, pictures is her temple, zhao swallow, class and green beads four ancient beauties.
Here I'll send you a pair of couplets: "fireworks shine the sky, colorful celebrate New Year's eve, Jin Longteng earth, thronged celebrate auspicious year"!
春节是我国一个古老的节日,也是一年中最重要的一个节日。在中国千百年的历史发展中,还有一些较为固定的风俗习惯相传至今。比如,扫尘、贴春联、贴窗花、倒贴“福”字、画年画和守岁等等。
“腊月二十四,掸尘扫房子”,在古书《吕氏春秋》中记载,我国在尧舜时代就有春节扫尘的风俗习惯了,此外,扫尘还有“除陈布新”的含义。
春联也叫对联、桃符,它以对偶、精巧的文字抒发美好的愿望,是我们中国独特的文学形式。春节贴春联这一习俗起源于宋代,春联分为上联、下联和横批。
“福”字,指的是福气、福运,春节贴“福”字是为了表达对亲朋好友的一种祝福。可是为了更充分地体现这种祝福,人们干脆把“福”字倒过来贴,表示“福‘倒’了”。
现在春节挂贴年画在城乡已很是普遍,浓黑重彩的年画给家家户户带去了兴旺和欢乐的喜庆场面。我国收藏最早的年画是南宋《隋朝窈窕呈倾国之芳容》的木刻年画,画的是王昭君、赵飞燕、班姬和绿珠四位古代美人。
在此我再送大家一副对联:“焰火耀长空,色彩斑斓欢度除夕度,金龙腾大地,人声鼎沸喜迎吉祥年”!
春节英语作文(2)
The Spring Festival is a traditional festival of all nationalities in our country, more than 100 years ago, folk artists "one hundred" in his QuBenZhong writes: "in the first month in every New Year, Lantern Festival view on the lamp, month circle, flower box at everywhere, loud fireworks, make streets are swim series." Set in the history about the beginning of the Spring Festival.
Legend rao period, our country has this festival, shells we find in the oracle, there are also records about the Spring Festival, celebrated the first Spring Festival custom wind, but at that time, calendar, is to rely on "view as timing", is accurate, it is difficult to determine, in 104 BC the first year of emperor too early, created "the beginning calendar", our people and at specified day of the first lunar month as from then on, the customs of the lunar New Year is been around for 2000 years, until the founding of new China, to switch to the later, the holiday is to the Spring Festival.
In our country the most ancient written records, there are many stories about the beginning of month, and the New Year, it is "the autumn harvest winterizing later in the season," han zheng xuan also said that early age is not "of LaoNong to rest." Our today's terms, is the meaning of combining exertion and rest.
So what's the Spring Festival? According to legend, in a long time ago, there was a man named ten thousand youth, see the seasonal mess, want to seasonal probable, one day, he went up into the mountain cutting wood, sit down to rest under the shade and shadow movement inspired him, and he devised a sundial shadow gauge measurement days. Day rain fog, however, affect the measurement, the later, cliff drops springs cause his interest, he began to make the five layers clepsydra, over time, he found that every three hundred and sixty days, and the length of days will repeat.
At that time the king called ZuYi, days of the contingency, made him very upset. The secretary of a named scale, in order to curry favor with the emperor, play to tiantai worship god worship, ZuYi justification, has led officials to worship, but to no avail, know that in ten thousand, could not help but to see the emperor with the sundial and clepsydra, to explained the lunisolar ZuYi run of reason. ZuYi incurred after listen to big yue, feel that makes sense. Then leave in ten thousand, built in the temple of heaven before the sun pavilion, built sundial and clepsydra pavilion, and sent 12 serve in ten thousand, the lad ZuYi to said in ten thousand: "rule, hope you can measure the accurate runs calculated accurately ChenXi time, create a calendar, the plebeian inhabitants of the world."
Once ZuYi regards the scale to know the progress of testing the calendar in ten thousand, when he appeared on the day of 20:30 liu jianhua calls to see cliff wrote some words on the side of the temple of heaven, equilibrium saw after know ten thousand calendar has research is successful, he is afraid of the emperor reuse, founded in ten thousand, sent to assassinate, the assassin was caught by the guards, ZuYi know later, to punish the criterion, personally the pagoda to see the sun in ten thousand, in ten thousand, pointing to astronomical phenomena, the ZuYi said: "now is the full twelve months, out has ended, and spring after beginning, king please appoint a section." ZuYi said: "spring for years, just call the Spring Festival."
Winter, year after year, then, in ten thousand after long-term observation, carefully calculated, formulated the accurate solar, later in ten thousand to commemorate the merits, will be solar day named "calendar" in ten thousand for the birthday girl and, later, people hang up the birthday girl figure during Chinese New Year, according to legend is in memory of the ten thousand.
Now we also have a New Year customs, such as "f" word, firecrackers, happy New Year and so on.
春节是我国各民族的传统节日,100多年前,民间艺人“百本张”曾在他的曲本中这样写道:“正月里家家贺新年,元宵佳节把灯观,月正圆,花盒子处处瞅,炮竹阵阵喧,惹得人大街小巷都游串。”这历史上关于岁首春节的生动定照。
相传尧舜时期,我国就有这个节日,殷商甲骨文的卜辞中,亦有关于春节的记载,有庆祝风首春节的风俗,但当时历法,是靠“观象授时”,是否准确,尚难确定,到了公元前104年汉武帝太初元年,我国人民创造了“太初历”,明确规定以农历正月为岁首,从这时起,农历新年的习俗就流传了2000多年,直到新中国成立,改用公元以后,这个节日就改为春节。
在我国最古的文字记载中,有许多关于岁首的故事,腊月和新春,正是“秋收冬藏”以后的农闲季节,汉郑玄也说过,岁未年初“劳农以休息之”。拿我们今天的话来说,就是劳逸结合的意思。
那么春节到底是怎么来的呢?相传,在很久以前,有一个名叫万年的青年,看到当时节令很乱,想把节令定准,一天,他上山砍柴,坐在树阴下面休息,树影的移动启发了他,他设计了一个测日影计天时的日晷仪。可是,天阴雨雾,影响测量,后来,山崖上的滴泉引起他的兴趣,他又动手做了五层漏壶,天长日久,他发现每隔三百六十多天,天时的长短就会重复一遍。
那时的国君叫祖乙,天时风云的不测,使他很苦恼。一个名叫阿衡的大臣,为讨好皇上,奏称要设天台敬祭天神,祖乙认为有理,便带领百官去祭天,却无济于事,万年知道后,忍不住带着日晷仪和漏壶去见皇上,对祖乙讲清了日月运行的道理。祖乙听后龙颜大悦,感到有道理。于是把万年留下,在天坛前修建日月阁,筑起日晷台和漏壶亭,并派了十二童子服待万年,祖乙对万年说:“希望你能测准日月规律,推算出准确的晨夕时间,创建历法,为天下的黎民百姓造福。”
有一次,祖乙传旨要阿衡去了解万年测试历法的进展情况,当他登上日月坛时看见天坛边的石壁上写了一些字,阿衡看见后,知道万年的历法已研究成功,怕皇上重用他,于日派人刺杀万年,结果刺客被士卫抓住了,祖乙知道后,惩处了阿衡,亲自登上日月阁看望万年,万年指着天象,对祖乙说:“现在正是十二个月满,旧岁已完,新春复始,祈请国君定个节吧。”祖乙说:“春为岁道,就叫春节吧。”
冬去春来,年复一年,后来,万年经过长期观察,精心推算,制定了准确的太阳历,后来为了纪念万年的功绩,便将太阳日命名为“万年历”封万年为日月寿星,以后,人们在过年时挂上寿星图,据传说就是为了纪念万年的。
习俗英语范文3
关键词形象性习语; 国俗语义
一、 引言
世界上任何一种语言都是植根于特定的文化土壤之中,反映着其所在文化的的特定内容。在中国,汉语习语体现了汉民族在特定历史文化背景中对客观世界的认识及态度,记载着其民族和社会的历史发展过程,呈现出千姿百态的中华民族文化个性。同样,在西方国家,英美文化特定的历史也形成了独具特色的文化特征。英语习语的形成同样与英美文化历史也有着千丝万缕的联系,其组合结构和修辞方法与英美文化息息相关。对比两种语言中的习语,实际上就是在对比两种文化的智慧结晶和经验成果。对于我们更深入透彻的了解两类语言的精髓有着极其重要的学术意义和文化意义。本文选取了四类典型性习语,即颜色习语、数字习语、气象地理习语、和爱情习语,通过大量的相关语料,分析这四类形象性习语的国俗语义差异。
二、英汉四类形象性习语国俗语义简析
1.英汉习语中颜色词的国俗语义
我们生活在一个丰富多彩的世界。不同的颜色能唤起人们特殊的感情,色彩在文化心理和民族习俗中扮演着十分重要的角色。比较英汉习语中色彩词的内涵意义会发现,由于人类具有相同的生理机制和视觉神经系统,对颜色刺激的感受从理论上讲并无本质区别,汉英民族对颜色词的分类基本上是相同的。然而,由于两个民族不同的生活环境和生理因素,对颜色的感受也不尽相同,从而导致国俗语义的差异。
中华民族自古就有着崇尚红色的心理,红色象征着吉祥、如意、喜庆、欢乐。过新春家家户户门上要贴红对联;举行传统结婚仪式时,新娘要穿上红衣裳,门窗、墙上要贴大红喜字,人们称结婚为 “红喜事’。与红色有关的习语如“红光满面”、“红极一时”、“红粉世家”、“开门红”、“满堂红”等等。在台历上,喜庆的日子或节日常常用红色的字体印刷。此外,红色还象征着革命、红军、红色政权等,含有:“激进”、“进步”、“赤化”之意,如“红色娘子军”、“又红又专”、“红卫兵”、“红小鬼”。红色还可用来表达情感,喻指“恼怒”、“生气”、“害羞”。如汉语中的“脸红脖子粗”。
2.英汉习语中数字词的国俗语义
语言中的数字词本无所谓凶或吉,但由于文化传统的不同及不同文化赋予数字词的社会文化含义也不尽相同,因此英汉语言中数词在表达吉凶意义上也有所不同。
汉语中,数词意义大多都被引申了,多数是虚指。中国人自古就喜欢双数,追求好事成双,渴望双喜临门,在日常生活中,人际交往中送礼人们往往送双份,在春节给压岁钱或者给新人喜钱也给双数。这些都体现出汉民族对偶数的情有独钟。汉语中形容处事有方为“四平八稳”,交通便利为“四通八达”,百事顺心为“六六大顺”,完美无缺为“十全十美”,感激不尽为“十二分的感谢”,与此相反,中国人对单数却没有如此的偏爱,如“不三不四”“乱七八糟”“五劳七伤”“七上八下”等等。
而英语国家中的人们往往是单数为吉利,表示更深程度时,常在整百整千的偶数后面加尾数“一”。如:one hundred and one thanks(千恩万谢),have one thousand and one things to do(日理万机)。这是由于基督教文化三位一体的宗教传统确定了“三”的神秘文化内涵。西方人习惯于把事物存在的量或发展过程一分为三,以图吉利。《圣经旧约创世纪》中关于上帝在七天之内创造世间万物之说,使“七”具有了浓厚的宗教色彩,这种影响渗透到社会生活的方方面面。如:七重天the seven heavens; 七大圣礼 the seven sacraments。众所周知,“十三” 在西方是最被人忌讳的数字,这也是源于宗教原因。
3.英汉习语中气象地理词的国俗语义
由于气象条件,地理环境的不同,一些英汉习语中的气象地理词也会显示出文化差异。例如:
When the wind is in the east, it’s neither good for man nor beast “风起东方,人畜不安”
When the wind is in the west, the weather is at the best “风起西方,气候最佳”
要了解这两个习语的含义,就得先了解蕴涵在其中的文化背景。英国的东风是从欧洲北部吹来的寒风,与中国从东海岸吹来的和煦东风恰好相反,而与中国的西风相近。由于这种地理气象的差异,使得“east wind”,“west wind”这类词具有了民族文化色彩。也就是说,“east wind”与汉语中的东风,“west wind”与汉语中的西风,虽风起何方相同,但文化喻义正好相反。“West wind”的温顺、和煦类似于汉语中的春风,因此有人建议把这种意义上的“west wind”翻译成春风。这也正好表达了这种文化喻义上的反义。在汉语中。东风才相当于这种意义上的春风。试比较李商隐的诗句“相见时难别亦难,东风无力百花残”;朱熹的“等闲识得东风面,万紫千红总是春”;辛弃疾的“东风夜放花千树。更吹落、星如雨”。马致远的“古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯”;的“西风烈,长风雁叫霜晨月”。其中的东风均是春风义。在英语中,具有这种文化喻义的是“west wind”,正如另一条英语习语所说:A right easterly wind is very unkind.(正东风是很不温和的)。从中,我们也可理解为什么诗人雪莱要写西风颂《Ode to the west wind》了。
4.英汉习语中爱情词的国俗语义
中国封建道德和西方资本主义道德最明显的对立可能就是爱情观了。这种爱情观的不同也突出的反映在英汉习语中。中国封建社会的传统礼教严重束缚男女的自由恋爱。婚姻凭父母做主,听媒妁之言,要明媒正娶,有很多则是买卖婚姻, 反映这方面的习语有:“父母之命,媒妁之言”;“娶到的媳妇买来的马,由人骑来由人打”;“媒人口。无量斗”;“十个媒婆九个谎,一个不谎喝粥汤”。在这种情况下,婚姻是社会义务,根本谈不上爱情的结晶,甚至毫无爱情可言。那时候的妇女,“嫁鸡随鸡,嫁狗随狗”;“嫁出去的女儿泼出去的水”。从一而终,即使丈夫死了也不能改嫁,获得贞节牌坊对于古代的女人非常荣耀的一件事情。否则会受到族人非常严重的惩罚。以前的女人在结婚之前根本见不到丈夫,婚姻都是父母之言,媒妁之言,根本没有谈恋爱的权利,感情完全受到忽视。如“一女不吃两家饭”,“好马不吃回头草,好女不嫁二夫君”,“只有一船摇两橹,哪有一女嫁双夫”,“忠臣不事二君,贞妇不嫁二夫”。这些古语都反映了中国封建社会的婚姻爱情观。
而在西方国家,早在14-16世纪文艺复兴时期,人人追求自由平等,追求人性的解放。提倡自由恋爱,追求爱情至上。如:love is free.(爱情是自由的);True love never grows old.(真正的爱情绝不会过时);True love is giving, not taking.(真正的爱情是给与,而不是索取);True love shows itself in time of need.(真正的爱情的需要的时候表现出来);Where love is, there is faith.(哪里有爱情,哪里就有信任);Love is the touchstone of virtue.(爱情是美德的试金石);Love laughs at locksmiths.(爱情嘲笑锁匠,因为爱情是锁不住割不断的)。而在资本主义社会,由自由爱情发展到爱情至上,甚至泛爱,为了获得的爱情不择手段。这些现代资本主义的爱情道德观念也在习语中得以体现,如:All is fair in love and war.(恋爱和战争时一切皆正当); All strategies are fair in love.(在爱情中,一切策略都是正当的)。再之后拜金主义在爱情中也风靡开来,如:Marriage is lottery.(婚姻如抽彩);No money, no honey.(没有金钱,就没有甜蜜)。
综上所述,通过比较英汉习语中这四类形象词的国俗喻义,可以发现由于地理,历史,生活习俗种种方面的差异,习语中承载着强烈的文化特征,蕴含着丰富的文化信息,同时也包含着大量的文化内涵和文化背景,具有鲜明的民族文化特色和地域特色。习语与文化传统紧密相连,不可分割。
三、英汉四类形象性习语差异的文化历史溯源
1.英汉四类形象性习语的差异可折射出东西方不同的宇宙观和价值观
在对世界的认识方面,西方人眼中的宇宙模式是以有为本,从有到实体。而中国则以无为本,从无到有。这种实体的世界观使得西方人用明晰的概念来表达思想。他们认为宇宙乃存在。然而,虚无、气化的世界观使得中国人以模糊的视野去感受周围的世界。当面对残酷的,无法把握的自然界时。他们就希望借助于虚幻的神武和神力来征服世界。而价值观是任何社会和文化中的人们所回避不了的指令。在价值观念方面,中西两个民族的文化也存在着很大的差异,如果说西方文化是以求实为目的科学文化,那么中国文化则属于以求善为目的的伦理文化和人文文化。在价值判断上,我们会很容易的感受到中国的文化多以伦理为依据,而西方的文化则多以事实为依据。中国人在 “天人合一”哲学思想的影响下。奉行“礼之用,和为贵”的传统思维观念,因此中国人提倡凡事都以家庭、社会、和国家的利益为重,个人利益在必要时可以牺牲。这种价值观自古就存在,因此早在北宋,范仲淹就留给我们“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。”的千古佳句。而与中国文化正好相反,在西方,以个人主义为中心的价值取向是一个突出的特点。如:“Every man for himself and God for us all.”这种社会信条在西方社会中习以为常。这跟西方国家的社会及人文环境有着必不可分的关系。再如,中国的封建伦理观念是“尊义在前,卑义在后”;“男性在前,女性在后”。这种男尊女卑的观念在习语中得以大量的体现,如“男尊女卑”,“妇随夫姓”,“嫁出去的女,泼出去的水”,“女子无才便是德”。而英语中类似于这种教导女子的“三从四德”的习语却少之又少。而无论东方的价值取向还是西方的价值取向,都是本民族价值观的真实反映。
2.英汉四类形象性的差异可折射出东西方不同的民族心理
自古以来,文化都是民族心理的折射。习语作为语言的精华必然孕育着与语言相关的种种民族心理因素。不同民族的语言在其漫长的历史演变过程中绽放出精彩纷呈的民族文化。如汉民族自古喜欢红色,而西方人则由于斗牛的文化传统常视红色为不详危险之色。如:“red for danger”,斗牛士激怒牛用的红布被誉为“令人恼怒的东西”。再如西方新娘结婚穿白色婚纱表示纯洁、美丽和高尚。而在中国,中国人由于深受佛教“超度”之说影响。办丧事时的传统是穿白衣,戴白帽,系摆腰带或胸配白花以示悼念。
再如,在数字习语中,自古以来中国人对于数字“六”、“八”及双数的喜爱以及对数字“四”的忌讳。西方人对“三”、“七”的钟爱和对“十三”的避讳都折射出东西方不同的民族文化心理。正是由于不同民族的心理的差异,英汉习语中数字,颜色,气象地理,爱情词的喻义才有如此大的差异。
3.英汉四类形象性习语的差异可折射出东西方不同的地理环境、生态环境
由于地理环境,生态环境的不同,英汉习语中的很多比喻形象也具有明显差异。例如在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是春天的风,夏天常与酷暑炎热联系在一起。如“赤风炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”都是常常用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球,北温带,系海洋性气候,报告春风消息的却是西风,如英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》又如英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中就把爱人比作夏天。“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate”。
又如中国是农业大国,因此汉语中农业习语特别丰富,其内容涉及农事的方方面面。而在四面环水的英伦岛国,渔业却有着极其重要的作用。两个民族迥然不同的地理与生态特征在英汉习语中都得以大量体现。
四、 结语
习语作为一种广为流传并且具有特定含义的固定词组和短语,是人类语言不可分割的重要组成部分。经过千锤百炼而形成的习语表现力非常丰富,是语言中的精华和瑰宝。它如同一面镜子,生动形象的反映着一个民族不同时期的风土人情,社会习俗,生活哲理,思维方式,价值观念,和心理状态。因此,要认识了解习语的本质,应该把习语放到广阔的人类社会活动的背景之中去研究考查,把它作为一种文化现象和社会活动来考察,这种考察不仅会使我们更能深入的领会两种语言的奥妙,而且可以帮助我们更好的了解两种文化的异同。从而使我们从新的角度了解中华源源五千年的深厚历史文化,弘扬中华文化。
参考文献
[1]王德春。 词汇学研究[M]. 济南:山东教育出版社, 1986.