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蒋介石简介1
Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 - April 5, 1975), the name of Chiang Kai-shek. Young name Rui Yuan, spectrum name Zhou Tai, Xue Ming Zhiqing. Yixing, Jiangsu Province, was born in Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, is a famous Chinese political figures and military strategists, served as president of the Whampoa Military Academy, commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army, chairman of the National Government, president of the Executive Yuan, chairman of the National Military Commission, Will be the president of the Chinese Kuomintang, the heads of the Three People's Political Youth Youth League, the highest commander of the Central Committee of the Second World War, and the President of the Republic of China.
Jiang Zhongzheng was praised by Sun Yat-sen in the rise of the Republic of China politics, after the death of Sun's long-term leadership of the Chinese Nationalist Party for half a century; its national government era has been living in the military core, leading China through the war against Japan and the Second World War, Served as president of the first five to the Republic of China for 27 years, but its political and dictatorship has also been criticized. Its political career across the Northern Expedition, the governor, the Kuomintang civil war, the war of resistance against Japan, the constitutional government, the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan and the East and West Cold War, in the modern history of China has an important position. On April 5, 1975, died at the residence of the Shilin in Taipei.
Chiang Kai-shek is a key figure in modern Chinese history. His political career has had a very important influence on the process of modern Chinese history.
蒋介石人物生平2
Early experience
Chiang Kai-shek's father Jiang Zhaocong inherited the ancestral business of salt shop, died in 1895. Chiang Kai-shek by the mother Wang Ziyu raising adult, juvenile into the school, recite history. 1903 into the Fenghua school, two years later to Ningbo Arrow School. At the beginning of 1906 at the Longjin Middle School, in April to Japan, into the Tsinghua school in Tokyo, to meet Chen Qimei and others, by the anti-Qing thought.
1906 at the end of the country, in 1907 was admitted to the national army into the Baoding school, artillery. 1908 spring to Japan, into the Tokyo Zhenwu school and joined the alliance, after the winter of 1910, into the Japanese army thirteenth division of the nineteenth team for the official candidates. Zenjiang back to Shanghai, by Chen Qimei assigned, led the vanguard of more than 100 people to Hangzhou, to participate in the resumption of the battle of Zhejiang; later in the Shanghai military governor Chen Qimei any of the fifth round of the Shanghai army Long, and Chen Qimei, the second division of the Shanghai army commander Huang Han sworn as "Union brothers."
In January 1912, by Chen Qimei dispatched, the acquisition of criminals assassination of the leader of the rehabilitation of Tao Chengzhang. After the incident to avoid Japan, had "military sound" magazine.
1913 summer two revolution, in Shanghai to participate in the attack Jiangnan manufacturing bureau, after the seclusion of Shanghai, in October to join the construction of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, in November to Japan.
In July 1914, Sun Yat-sen declared in Tokyo in the formal establishment of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, Chiang Kai-shek was sent to Shanghai, Harbin to assist Chen Qimei engaged in revolutionary activities against Yuan Shikai.
In 1916 May Chen Qimei was stabbed, Chiang Kai-shek Feng Sun Yat-sen went to Shandong Weixian Chinese Revolutionary Army Northeast Army chief of staff. Soon Yuan Shikai died, the Chinese revolutionary army dissolution, Jiang Ju Shanghai, and green gang leader Huang Jinrong, Du Yuesheng and others have contacts.
July 1917 Sun Yat-sen south of the "law enforcement" to establish the People's Republic of China military government, in March 1918 Chiang Kai-shek any commander of the Guangdong Military Command, six months after the second detachment of Guangdong military commander in Fujian. Due to the Guangdong army generals crowded, often left in Shanghai, and Zhang Jingjiang, Chen Guofu, Dai Jitao and other partners to do the exchange business speculation.
June 1922 commander of the Guangdong Army Chen Jiongming mutiny, Sun Yat-sen refuge in the Yongfeng ship, Jiang went to Guangzhou boarding guards more than 40 days, made Sun's trust and attention. Jiang made "Sun Dazhong difficult to remember," a book, in October the same year by Sun Yat-sen to send the East Road to discuss the second army chief of the army, in February 1923 was appointed general manager of the Generalissimo headquarters chief of staff. In August, he was awarded the "Dr. Sun Yixian delegation" to study military, political and party affairs.
Power center
In January 1924 the Kuomintang's first national congress decided to establish a military officer school, training the revolutionary army, Sun Yat-sen appointed Chiang Kai-shek as the headmaster of the military and the army chief commander of the army.
He organized and led the Whampoa Military Academy teachers and students to participate in the October 1924 suppression of the Guangzhou business regiment rebellion, February 1925 Dong Zheng crusade Chen Jiongming, in June to settle Yang Xi Min, Liu Zhenhuan rebellion and other battles, victorious, so access to reputation, Following the Guangzhou garrison commander.
August 1925 Huangpu Military Academy two teaching groups for the National Revolutionary Army first army, Jiang Renjun long. Liao Zhongkai killed, he supported Wang Jingwei expelled Hu Hanmin abroad, and soon the commander of the Guangdong military commander Xu Chongzhi out of Guangzhou, Guangdong army part of the division brigade, jumped into the KMT holds the military strength of the primary figures. October rate of the second East expedition, the annihilate Chen Jiongming rebels.
At the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang in January 1926, he was elected as the Central Executive Committee and the Standing Committee of the Central Committee. In February, he was also the Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army.
1926 has made "Zhongshan ship incident", "finishing the party case" " incident" to combat the Communist Party and the revolutionary forces.
He served as Chairman of the Military Commission, the Kuomintang Central Organization Minister, Minister of Military Affairs, Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Standing Committee.
After the Northern Expedition began in July 1926, Chiang Kai-shek's commander went to the front line to command the war. National Revolutionary Army under the support of workers and peasants defeated the Northern warlords Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian four provinces fully restored, and continue to Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang into the army.
In December 1926, the Kuomintang Central Party and the national government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan, but Chiang insisted to move to Nanjing, Hebei direct control.
In March 1927, the Third Plenary Session of the Second Session of the Kuomintang passed the "Resolutions of the Party's Leading Organs" and a series of resolutions to raise the party power, prevent personal dictatorship and military dictatorship, and abolished Chiang's Central Standing Committee Chairman and Minister of Military Affairs. After Chiang Kai-shek launched in Shanghai "four one or two" coup, brutal massacre of communists and revolutionary masses, and in Guangdong and southeast provinces "Qing party", thus undermining the first Kuomintang cooperation.
On April 18, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek established a "national government" in Nanjing and confronted the Wuhan National Government. In June, Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yuxiang met in Xuzhou to obtain cooperation and anti-communist agreement. As Chiang Kai-shek was in isolation and helplessness in the contradictions and struggles of factions such as Wang Ching-wei and Li Zongren, he was forced to visit Japan in August and to seek support from Japan in October. After returning home, to abandon the wives, and Song Meiling married on December 1, from the Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi marriage, through them to strengthen ties with the United States.
Warlord
In January 1928, he served as the commander in chief, and presided over the Fourth Plenary Session of the Second Session of the Kuomintang in February, and changed the Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary policy. He was chaired by the Chairman of the Central Political Committee and Chairman of the Military Committee. In April, with Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, Li Zongren composed of four group army together northward, defeated the warlord Zhang Zuolin, the end of the Northern warlords rule. In October, he served as Chairman of the National Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Land and Air Force, reorganized the National Government and practiced the "rule by the party". Chiang Kai-shek in order to establish a personal dictatorship of the situation, to "disarmament construction" phase called, trying to "dispatch" Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, Li Zongren's army, intensified with the military power between the contradictions, Jiang Gui war, Jiang Feng war, Jiang Yan Feng war (see Jiang Yan Feng war) continuous. Chiang Kai-shek, by virtue of imperialism and the support of the bourgeoisie of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, defeated the factions.
December 1930 to September 1931, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized a large number of troops, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui and Anhui and other revolutionary base areas of the workers and peasants Red Army launched three consecutive military "encirclement and suppression", failed in the end.
May 1931 Wang Jingwei, Sun Ke, who established the Guangzhou National Government and Chiang Kai-shek Nanjing government confrontation.
After the "September 18" incident in 1931, he was appointed chairman of the military committee and pursued the policy of "encircling the enemy" and besieging the revolutionary base of the Red Army.
At the end of 1931, he was the chairman of the National Committee of the Nationalist Council.
In November 1935, the Japanese imperialists instigated the "North China Autonomy" to expand aggression against China and the unprecedented serious national crisis. The Chinese Communist Party called for a cessation of civil war and a resistance to Japan, and changed the anti-Japanese anti-Japanese policy to "forcing Chiang Kai-shek". In the national people's anti-Japanese national salvation movement, Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT decided to adjust its internal and external policies, said to maintain territorial sovereignty integrity. He ordered a series of measures to strengthen national defense and improve relations with the Soviet Union. He tried to negotiate with the Chinese Communist Party, but still insisted on "exterminating" the Long March to reach the Red Army in northern Shaanxi.
December 12, 1936, the Xi'an Incident broke out, Chiang Kai-shek was detained in Xi'an. In the mediation of the Chinese Communist Party and the efforts of all sides, the Xi'an Incident was peacefully resolved, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to stop the "suppression of the Communist Party" policy.
Anti - Japanese War
After the Xi'an Incident, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to end a decade of civil war and a second cooperation with the Communist Party. After the July 7th Incident of 1937, Chiang Kai-shek actively deployed and commanded the Chinese army to go to the front of the North China and Songhu front to resist the Japanese invaders.
He has commanded the Songhu battle, Taiyuan war, Xuzhou battle, Wuhan battle and other major battles. The majority of patriotic officers and soldiers courageously kill the enemy, to October 1938, the Japanese casualties of more than 45 million people, smashing the Japanese imperialists attempt to quick fix, the rapid demise of China's strategic plan. Chiang Kai-shek made some promises in political democratization, the release of political prisoners, the revision of reactionary regulations, the convening of national councils, and so on. But because of Chiang Kai-shek's implementation of the one-sided anti-war route and a simple military defense strategy and tactics, but also fantasy and wait for international "mediation" to stop the Japanese aggression, which can not resist the possession of great advantages of the Japanese invaders, North China, Southeast and Central China large tracts of land have fallen.
In 1938, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the bombing of the Yellow River embankment to resist the Japanese army, drowned people 890,000 people.
In January 1939, Chiang Kai-shek was chairman of the Supreme Council of Defense. He was worried about the rapid development and expansion of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Armed Forces in the war of resistance against Japan,
Limit the total, anti-communist approach, continue to create anti-friction.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941, Chiang Kai-shek actively engaged in diplomatic activities, with the United States, the British League, the highest commander of the Chinese theater, the United States received the material and financial assistance. He sent the Chinese Expeditionary Force to Myanmar, and Anglo-American coalition joint operations, opened up the Sino-Indian Highway. The United States and Britain signed a Sino-US, Sino-British "New Testament" in order to unite China to fight against Japan and promised to abolish the privileges of China under the unequal treaties.
In 1943 Lin Sen died after the successor of the National Government.
In November 1943, Chiang Kai-shek attended the Cairo meeting, with US President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill talks on Japan's joint operational strategy and post-war peace conditions.
In June 1945 sent Song Ziyuan to the Soviet Union talks, in August the two foreign ministers signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" and the relevant agreement.
The liberation war
August 28, 1945, Japan announced surrender 13 days later, the Communist Party of China Central Committee Chairman Mao Zedong arrived in Chongqing, that night, Chiang Kai-shek held a small welcome party. Mao Zedong held talks in Chongqing, signed the "minutes of talks" (see Chongqing negotiations and "double ten agreement").
In 1946, recognized the independence of Mongolia. In the same year the civil war broke out.
In March 1947, for the northern Shaanxi and Shandong liberated areas of the key attack, manufacturing "five O O" tragedy; in the repeated defeat, from strategic offensive to strategic defense; the last Chiang Kai-shek was forced to shrink the line of defense, the implementation of key defense The
Elected president
In 1948, in the "National Assembly" was elected as "president", the implementation of "currency reform" triggered a hyperinflation.
After 1948 autumn and winter Liaoshen, Huaihai (Xu mussels), Pingjin three battle of the strategic decisive battle, so that Chiang Kai-shek to launch a civil war, to maintain the main force of the rule was eliminated.
In January 1949, Chiang issued a New Year's Day statement to suggest peace negotiations, but proposed to preserve the "Constitution", "legal system" and the conditions of the army, by the Chinese Communist Party refuted.
On January 21, Chiang was forced to declare "retreat" and return to Fenghua, but still behind the scenes to manipulate the power of the party and government, undermining the peace talks.
On April 20, 1949, the Kuomintang refused to sign the "domestic peace agreement". April 23, 24, the Chinese People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, the establishment of the Nanjing Municipal People's Government. People 's Liberation Army through the Yangtze River, to the country to enter.
The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on October 1, 1949, and Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship and political life in mainland China ended.
Returned to Taiwan
In December 1949, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to declare "retreat" to defeat Taiwan, taking away a lot of gold reserves.
In March 1950, he "reinstateed" the task of "president", then repeatedly re-elected four, and was elected president of the Kuomintang. He called on the "Three People's Principles of Building Taiwan" and "Anti-Communist" to maintain his rule in Taiwan.
In 1952, the "anti-communist Russia". Signed the "Japan Peace Treaty", to give up the Japanese war reparations.
In 1954 with the United States signed the so-called "Sino-US common defense treaty", the figure against foreign forces against the mainland, claiming to unify China with the Three People's Principles, while opposing the manufacture of "two China" against Taiwan independence. Advocated "Chinese affairs can be resolved by the Chinese people themselves." In the island to implement the "public to let the collar", the introduction of foreign capital and advanced technology, the development of entrepot trade.
In 1955, concocted Sun Li Ren Bing case.
In 1957, announced the Taiwan Strait into the emergency operations.
In 1958, triggered "Golden Gate artillery war".
In 1969, the implementation of "party and government innovation" for the succession of Chiang Ching-kuo paved the way.
In 1971, the United Nations declared no recognition of the Chiang Kai-shek regime.
April 5, 1975 sick Taipei Shihlin residence, coffin house Nanchen Lake, at the age of 87 years old.
April 7, 1975 "People 's Daily" Fourth Edition: "Xinhua News Agency April 6, 1975 News Taipei News: Kuomintang reactionary leader, the Chinese people' s public enemy, Chiang Kai - shek, died in Taiwan on April 5.
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