2023年高中英语语法教案【汇集5篇】
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高中英语语法教案【第一篇】
冠词的定义：
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。
冠词的分类：
冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三种。
不定冠词：泛指、类指
定冠词：特指、专指、类指
零冠词：泛指人或事物、类指
不定冠词的用法：
"a"用在以辅音音素开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前；"an"用在以元音音素开头的词前，而不是元音字母前，（当字母单独出现时 a e i o r s f h l x 也要使用不定冠词"an"，※ u 这个字母单独出现发的并不是元音）。
1.用于可数名词的单数形式之前，表示"一"
there is a tiger in the hundred and more people attended this 表示一类人或事物
a tiger can be dangerous.※定冠词the+形容词（也代表一类人）(eg: the poor)
3.表示"某一个"或者是指想要成为“像...样的人物”的意思
a mr smith wants to see wants to be a max in the 表示"同一"；"每一"的意思
they are nearly of an two shirts are much of a go swimming four times a 用在作表语的［c］前，表示身份、职业
my mother is a 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个
long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful
用在某些表示数量的词组中：
a lot of 许多a couple of 一对
a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen）
※用于习惯用语中※
all of a sudden 突然in fact=as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result 结果a little 一点；一些a bit 一点
a great many=a very large number of许多；大量a great deal(of...)许多a lot(of...)许多
have a good(nice/wonderful/great)time 玩得高兴
定冠词用法：
1.用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
this is the house where luxun once 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物
open the door, 用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）once there lived a lion in the day the lion asked small animals to look for food for 用在序数词和形容词最高级前
he is always the first to come and the last to ai is the biggest city in 表示世界上独一无二的事物
the sun 太阳the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空
※a red sun：一轮红日；a bright moon:一轮明月
6.指由普通名词构成的专有名词
the west lake 西湖the great wall 长城
the united states 美国the united nations 联合国
the summer palace颐和园
7.用于表示地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方
in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面
on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
8.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前要用the
the pacific ocean 太平洋the huanghe river 黄河
the tianshan mountains 天山山脉the taiwan straits 台湾海峡
9.在姓氏复数前，表示一家人
the smiths came to see me 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物
the poor 穷人the rich 富人the wounded 伤员
the old 老人the disabled 残疾人the deaf聋哑人
11.用在由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、政党的名词前
the peoples republic of china中华人民共和国
the working cla 工人阶级
12.用在the very强调句中表示“恰恰是，正是”
this is the very book i want.这就是我想要的那本书。
13.在the more, the more比较级的句式中
the more, the better.越多越好
14.用于西洋乐器前
play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴
*中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)]
加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物
the horse is a useful 在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不
用人称代词。[口诀：敲（knock）打（strike/beat/hit）拍（pat）牵（draw）拉（pull）拽（drag）全部不用他|她|它，而是选择the]
knock at the door：敲门
hit the face 打某人的脸
take sb by the arm 抓住某人的手臂
draw sb by the collar:抓住某人的领带
17.用在世纪或逢时{1990}的复数名词前
in the 18th century 在18世纪in the 1960s 在20世纪60年代
18、用于报刊 杂志 会议 条义 历史 时期 朝代的名词前
the xian incident 西安事变the tang dynasty 唐朝
固定搭配
in the morning 在早上go to the cinema 去看电影
all the year round 一年到头
on the way to 前往...去的路上
零冠词的用法：
1.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前一般不加冠词（在特指时加冠词）europe 欧洲money 金钱music 音乐
william shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚
failure is the mother of 、月份、星期、节假日 前一般不加冠词（在特指时加冠词）
january 一月份sunday 星期日
thanksgiving day 感恩节national day 国庆节
※...on a sunday morning.在一个星期天的早晨...（表示某一个。）
※民族节日前要加theeg:the spring festival 春节
3.三餐、四季前一般不加冠词，三餐前加［adj］时要用冠词，i have lunch at school.※ 比较:i had a big lunch dinner given by mr smith was very 进行球类运动 交通工具 学科名称前不加冠词
play volleyball 打排球by air坐飞机french 法语
5.没有特指的物质名词、不可数抽象名词、可数名词复数、专有名词前一般
不用冠词。
this desk is made of wood.※ 比较：the wood outside was all 、在街道名称以及专有名词命名的公共场所的名词前一般不用冠词
buckingham palace：白金汉宫downing street唐宁街
7.独立结构中的名词以及在普通名词+as引导的让步状语从句中不加冠词 ：a boy came in, book in as he is,he knows a great 指唯一的职位、头衔时，如king，captain，president，chairman 不用冠词。he is captain of the team.他是球队的队长。
we elected him manager of our company.我们选他为公司的经理。
冠词位置：
1)不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a.位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，i have never seen such an a man is fit for the 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠
词应放在形容词之后：
it is as pleasant a day as i have ever short a long a ，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot
d.在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：
brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of )定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
all the students in the cla went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
高中英语语法教案【第二篇】
教
案
课程名称
英语语法
lecture 1 sentence structure
教学重点及难点：
claification of bound morpheme and the frequently applied bound morphemes;
basic clause types and their transformation and expansion
教 学 基 本 内 容
concepts of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; of word-formation: affixation, derivation and composition; of sentence analysis: one ways is to spanide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and other way is to spanide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the clause types include svc, sv, sva, svo, svoa, svoc, and affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative;a statement into a question, and a active clause into a these add varieties to the basic clause e 1 sentence structure owing to the fact that sentences in authentic language differ structurally in thousands of ways, what is described here as sentence structure, sentence elements, or sentence patterns is only concerned with the simple sentence, or rather with the clause elements as has been pointed out before, the clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of ―subject+ predicate‖.that is to say, the clause or the simple sentence is not just an agglomeration of phrases;it is a group of phrases organized into a construction of ―subject+ predicate‖.1)subject and predicate a full-fledged clause can generally be spanided into two parts: the subject and the subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tell of what the sentence is predicate says something about the subject and bear the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or subject is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase, while the construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without )two ways of sentence analysis to facilitate description of how english language works, sentences can be analyzed in two way is to spanide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and elements together with the subject make the five clause other ways of sentence analysis is to spanide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation(object, complement or adverbial). basic clause types and their transformation and expansion in terms of the different combinations of clause elements, english clauses can be claified into seven basic rable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause )basic clause types the seven basic clause types are svc, sv, sva, svo, svoa, svoc, and seven combinations of clause elements are wholly or largely determined by the main verb in the main verb in an svc pattern is a linking or copula verb which must be followed by a subject main verb in an sv pattern is an intransitive verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limited number of intransitive verbs which require an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern sv main verb in an svo pattern us a monotranstitive which must be followed by an object, and with some monotransitives the object must again be followed by an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern svo main verb in an svoc pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object+ object main verb in an svoo pattern is a ditransitive verb which is to e followed by two objects: indirect and direct )transformation and expansion of basic clause types the basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verbs in the active affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative;s statement into a question;and an active clause into a these add varieties to the basic clause basic clause types and their variants can also be expanded into larger grammatical units through adding modifiers at various levels, and these larger units can again be expanded through coordination and subordination into compound, complex and compound-complex es 2&3 subject-verb concord
教学重点及难点： appliance of grammatical, notional and proximity concords in some special conditions;
ms of subject-verb concord.教 学 基 本 内 容
concepts of three principles guiding subject-verb concord: grammatical concord, notional concord and proximity ms of concord with a coordinate subject: concord with ―and‖ or ―both…and‖, concord with ―or‖/ ―either…or‖, ―nor‖/ ―neither…nor‖, ―not only…but also‖;
ms of concord with expreions of quality as subject: concord with expreion of definite quality as subject, concord with expreion of indefinite quality as subject;
problems of subject-verb concord: problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject, subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause or subject, subject-verb concord in relative clauses, cleft-sentences, and existential e 2 subject-verb concord(i) guiding principles
1)grammatical concord
2)notional concord
3)proximity problems of concord with nouns ending in-s disease and game names ending in –s
they are mostly treated as few such names can be used either as singular or as t names ending in –ics
such names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject phical names ending in –s
plural except for a few treated as singular when used as country )
other nouns ending in –s disease and game names ending in –s
they are mostly treated as few such names can be used either as singular or as s, mumps, rickets, shingles, diabetes, arthritis, phlebitis, aids, t names ending in –ics
such names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject ics, claics, electronics, informatics, linguistics, mechanics, optics, plastics, thermodynamics, phical names ending in –s
plural except for a few treated as singular when used as country nouns ending in –s
calipers, compaes, flares, forceps, glaes, jeans, pants, pincers, pliers, scales, sciors, shades, shorts, suspenders, spectacles, problems of concord with collective nouns as subject 1)collective nouns usually used as plural
people, police, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin, )collective nouns usually used as singular
foliage, cutlery, poetry, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, )collective nouns used either as plural or as singular
couple, crew, government, majority, opposition ,etc 4)a committee, etc + plural noun
a committee / board / panel of
lecture 3
subject-verb concord(ii)teaching contents problems of concord with a coordinate subject problems of concord with expreions of quantity as subject other problems of subject-verb concord
problems of concord with a coordinate subject coordination by "and" or "both …and"
it is usually treated as plural when it refers to two or more than two persons/things, but it is singular when referring to one person or ll and swimming are usually summer friend and adviser has agreed to lend me his "each… and each…" or "every… and every…", the verb is also in the singular form: man and each woman is asked to flower and every bush is to be cut indefinite pronouns anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, nobody/no one, and somebody/someone combine with singular verb forms, even though co-referent pronouns and determiners may be plural [everybody]‘s doing what they think they‘re supposed to has their fridges repaired any more, they can‘t afford /every… he/she/they
the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking about her own personal safety to care much about the ―each/every+ singular n.… they/their‖ is right as of the students should have his/their own member brings their own such exams as toefl, the pronoun referring to
―nobody/everybody/everyone/someone/somebody/anybody/anyone/no one‖ can only be he/his instead of they/r, as english learners it must be known that ―everyone…they‖ is used more often than ―everyone…he‖.ne warned you, didn‘t they?
has anybody brought their camera? no one could have blamed themselves for one / each / each one /*every one of the students should have their/his own )coordination by "or" / "either…or", "neither…nor", "not only...but also" here the problem is dealt with according to the principle of proximity. sisters or my brother is likely to be at my father or my brothers are ally we can have the following use: r he nor his wife have formal cases, especially in exams, ―neither‖ is used with singular of them is used with plural nouns in informal cases, ―neither‖ can also be used with plural of the books are/is very interesting.---i can‘t swim.----neither can i.---he didn‘t like the play.---nor did r is usually in formal cases, but nor is often used in spoken )subject + as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, no le than;with, along with, together with, in addition to, except + verb(determined by the form of the subject of the workers, as well as the manager, were working during the one except two students was late for the problems of concord with expreions of quantity as subject 1)concord with expreion of definite quantity as subject
a)when regarded as a single unit, the verb is singular;when regarded as the inspaniduals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural years in prison was the penalty he had to )a fraction/percentage + of-phrase+(
d)one in/out of + plural noun + verb(ar;) in ten students has/have failed the )concord with expreion of indefinite quantity as )all of/some of/ none of /half of/most of + noun phrase of indefinite quantity +(
usage is fairly evenly spanided between singular and plural concord with none of: ne of us has been aboard except of us really believe it‘s ever going to happen not to us, she said at last.[fiction] however, none alone shows a distinct preference for singular concord: [none] describes him/herself as such in the party‘s official literature.(news)plural concord is the norm in conversation, while in the written registers there is an overall preference for singular of + n.+ v 1)当none与不可数名词连用或指代不可数名词时，其谓语动词总是用单数。 wanted some more coffee, but there was none )当none与复数名词连用或指代复数名词时，传统语法规定其谓语动词必须用单数。此用法得到英语教材和各类英语实体的肯定和强调。但是，实际应用中人们往往使用―概念一致‖原则，用动词的复数形式。所以，quirk说：―用复数动词较为常见，并且，在正式用法中也为人们普遍接受。‖ ne of the books has/have been placed on the but the brave deserves the fair.唯有勇者才配得上美女。
none are so deaf as those who will not hear.不愿听从的人是最聋的人。
no one 单独使用时只用于指人。
one should pride themselves on this result.但是，no one之后接-of短语时，既可指人也可指物。 one of you could lift reach three books on this subject, no one of which was 既可指人也可指物。
many elephants did you see? one of them really understands the one 与no-one在英语里是并存的，目前尚未统一形式。no-one 为英国英语，而no one是美国英语
b)lots of/heaps of/loads of/scads of/plenty of + noun phrase +(
there is a collection of pictures at the town great deal / a great many
a great(good)deal之后要加介词of才能与名词连用，而a great(good)many可以直接与名词连用。另外，a great deal of跟不可数名词连用，而a great many则与可数名词连用。
chest contained a great/good deal of great deal还可作形容词或副词比较级的修饰语 job was a great deal lot of 既可跟不可数名词也可跟可数名词，谓语动词决定于名词的单复数。 is a lot of beer in those bottles of 与amounts of , quantities of 不同，后两者是中心词而非修饰语。
amounts of money were spent on the ties of food were on the variety of + n.做主语时，其谓语动词决定于名词的数，也就是说，此处起作用的是概念一致原则。
great variety of books were recently wide range of + 充当主语时，其谓语动词应用单数；a bouquet of flowers也是用单数。
wide range of washing-machines and refrigerators is displayed in our bouquet of flowers was presented to the vicar‘s set of + 做主语时，人们使用谓语动词的形式并不是很一致。
is a set of rules that you must follow if you are going are set of unscrupulous )determiner + species nouns(kind/type/sort)of + noun phrase(singular countable noun/uncountable noun)+verb(singular) kind of apples is highly countable nouns there tends to be agreement in number between the species noun and the following noun( kind of thing kinds of things).but we also find: singular species noun + don‘t know what kind of dinosaurs they all mean, do we want these kind of people in our team?
s noun + singular noun s tended to target certain types of car he )many a + noun phrase + verb(singular)
more than one + singular noun + singular verb
more + than one + a man has sacrificed his than one member has protested against the persons than one have been )in "an average of/a majority of + noun phrase(pl.)+ verb", when noun is regarded as the inspaniduals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural form;otherwise, it is majority of the towns younger men are moving to the majority of three votes to one was other problems of subject-verb concord 1)problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject when the subject is a nominal clause introduced
by what, which, how, why, whether, the verb usually takes the singular when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and or both…and, a plural verb is i saw was a i saw and think are no busine of svc construction with a what-clause as subject，when the subject complement is plural, or when the what-clause is plural in meaning, the verb of the main clause can be they want are )subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause as subject generally speaking, the verb is when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and, the verb of the main clause is singular when the subject refers to one thing, and is plural when the
subject refers to separate eat well is all he )subject-verb concord in relative clauses one of + plural noun + relative clause(verb)the(only)one of + plural noun + relative clause(singular verb)4)subject-verb concord in cleft-sentences here the verb is determined by the number of the focal element functioning as subject in the ;me---third person singular number is i who am to is me that is to )subject-verb concord in existential sentences generally the verb is determined by the notional the notional subject is a coordinate construction, the verb form goes with the first coordinate element of the notional in informal style, spoken language, the verb is often singular. is a book on the is many people in the is more grace and le an and dutch beer are much lighter than short term and the long term loan are handled differently.按英语惯用法，一个单数名词受前置限定时，如果此名词表示两个或两个以上的事物，根据概念一致的原则，其谓语动词用复数；但是当此类名词受后置限制时，其谓语动词用单数。
er from america and holland is much lighter than british ty
许多英美出版的语法书和惯用法都指出，majority和minority不能与不可数名词连用。 的―current english usage‖(p161)说： ―majority may be used only for number with countable nouns, not for amount or quantity with ma nouns: the majority of the eggs were bad is correct;the majority of the butter was bad is rly, we cannot speak of the majority of the land/time/one‘s must use most, or the greater part‖.但是，practical english usage(1980)有一例： majority of the damage is easy to 的观点来使用the majority of。
majority虽然在语法上是个单数名词，但在概念上却具有复数的意义：most, almost all, many。因此一般与复数动词连用。 majority of children like majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.若后面没有-of短语时，the majority 作主语时。如果泛指多数（与少数相对），谓语单复数均可。eg，the majority is /are doing its/their best。//in favor of the plan。//against him。
1．如果指整体、统一体，majority 常被看作单数。
the majority is always able to impose its will on the minority。// is for him。2.如果指多数中的各个成员, majority 被看成复数。
the majority are of different minds on the matter 3．如果指多出的数目，majority 看成单数。
her majority was 5 vote //his majority was a big(small)one..the rest(+of noun)+verb 遵循概念一致原则，而非语法一致原则。 rest are to wait for rest needs no + adjective 做主语：
1）当表示一类人的整体时， young, the old, the poor, the rich, the blind, the dead, 谓语动词用复数。
wise look to the wiser for ）当表示具体的人，而不是某一类人的整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 deceased is my ）表示抽象的概念或某种笼统的东西时，谓语动词用单数形式。 best is yet to unknown is always something to be + of + , 其谓语动词形式
取决于上下文和所表达的真正意思。当充当of宾语 的名词具有重要意义时，谓语动词用复数形式，当 所表达的价值具有重要意义时，则谓语动词用单数 形式。
a thousand pounds‘ worth of cigarettes were stolen.（此处重要的是香烟被盗）大约价值1000英镑的香烟被盗。
there is nearly a thousand pounds‘ worth of cigarettes on that shelf.（此处重要的是香烟的价值）在那个架子上的香烟价值大约为1000英镑
leon 4
noun and noun phrase
教学重点及难点：
number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun.教 学 基 本 内 容
cation of nouns: simple, compound and derivative nouns, proper and common nouns, count and noncount forms of nouns: regular and irregular plural forms of nouns;
forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun: number forms of the collective noun, number forms of the material nouns, number forms of the abstract noun, number forms of the proper noun;
ives: the definition of partitives, general partitives, partitives related to the shape of things, partitives related to volume, partitives related to the state of action, partitives denoting pairs, groups, e 4 noun and noun phrase
teaching contents claification of nouns and function of noun phrases number forms of nouns partitives claification of nouns and function of noun phrases 1)claification of nouns a)simple, compound and derivative nouns: by word-formation b)common and proper nouns: by lexical meaning c)countable noun and uncountable noun this claification is based on the grammatical features of nouns instead of whether they are ing grammatical features, uncountable nouns cannot have numeral before them(*two information), have no plural forms(*informations)and cannot be modified by ―how many‖ but by ―how much‖
2)functions of noun phrases nouns can function as all the elements in a sentence except the predicative elected him chairman of the returned last photo is taken each time this button is pushed
the general pattern of noun phrase is
(determiner)+(premodifier)+noun+(postmodifier)the premodifier of noun phrase can be noun as well as table leg, water supply, the life sciences when noun is used as premodifier, it can be either singular, plural, or both.(1)singular noun as premodifier legs = legs of a table / tables
a shoe store = a store that sells shoes
a car race = a race between cars
a kitchen sink = a sink in a kitchen when the plural noun in the postmodifier is changed into premodifier, it usually becomes cloth for dishes = a dish cloth
decay of teeth = tooth decay
a station for buses = a bus station
a pocket for trousers = a trouser pocket
a tray for ashes = an ash tray(2)singular or plural noun as premodifier
re is ambiguity n language(s)department= department of foreign languages
(foreign language department = department of a foreign language)soft drinks manufacturer = manufacturer that produces several kinds of soft drink soft drink manufacturer = manufacturer that produces one kind of soft drink ent meanings
art degree = a degree in fine art an arts degree = a degree in the humanities(3)only plural noun as premodifier customs officer, a goods train, clothes hanger, sales technique, contents bill, savings bank
it is more popular to use plural nouns as premodifiers in british english than in american it tends to increase.(4)when the head of the noun phrase is collective noun or name of an organization, the plural noun as the premodifier can have two forms, but the same ists(‘)institute for public information but the singular noun is seldom teachers/ teachers‘/ *teacher‘s college number forms of nouns
number is a grammatical distinction which determines whether a noun or determiner is singular or )regular and irregular plural the regular is formed by adding –s or –es to the base, while the irregular is formed by changing the internal vowel or by changing the ending of the lar plurals also include some words of foreign origin, borrowed from greek, latin or plural forms are known as ―foreign plurals‖, —bases, criterion— borrowed words have two plural forms: a foreign plural and an english —media – mediums for some, their singular and plural number share the same form，a)animal names singular form and regular plural coexist: antelope, elk, fish, flounder, herring, reindeer, shrimp, woodcock（羚羊，麋，鱼，比目鱼，鲱鱼，驯鹿，虾，丘鹬（别名山鹬） caught several fish/three little went catching shrimp/ shot two elk/)singular form is usually used: bison, grouse, quail, salmon, swine（野牛 , 松鸡，鹌鹑，鲑（大麻哈鱼），猪） farmer raises many quail/quails and )singular form is always used: cod, deer, mackerel, trout, sheep.（鳕，鹿，鲐鱼，真鳟） is a are ).nationality nouns some words ending in sound /z/ or /s/ use singular form: chinese, japanese, lebanese, portuguese, sinhalese, vietnamese, swi am a are four chinese in the training )quantitative nouns(hundred/thousand/million/billion)a)cardinal numeral + hundred/thousand/million/billion + hundred / *two hundred of years ago that‘s going to take hundreds of/*hundreds al numeral + million + al numeral + millions of + millions of dollars
three million dollars when the noun is omitted, if it is not monetary unit, the singular form is more often used than the plural form;if it is, the regular plural form is used. population rose to four million / firm had to pay three )several/many/a few + singular / plural(of)+ has played the part several hundred times / several hundreds of + regular plural + has played the piano some hundreds of times / many, many times.(some hundred times = about a hundred times)c)dozen, score bought three score(of) have been there dozens of has already asked me several dozens of/ many scores of )number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper nouns a)number forms of the collective noun some are countable, while some are ble nouns behave like inspanidual uncountable one has no plural form;if we want to count the number, we will use a kind of inspanidual noun related semantically to the collective, — collective nouns can be used in either singular or plural following verb is determined by the singular or plural )number forms of the material noun generally they are [u] and have no plural r, some items can be used either uncountably or material nouns can take plural endings to convey the large quantity or scope , /sands, snow/snows
sometimes material nouns are [c] to expre ―one type of‖ or ―various types of‖ this n britain tea is usually drunk with sugar in ‘d like to have a famous hardly bought wine at lunch like wines and material nouns become [c] to expre ―packet of ‖, ―cups of‖. many beers were you wanting?
how many tins of beer were you wanting? when referring to the material itself, they are [u];otherwise, they are [c], , rubber
c)number forms of the abstract noun mostly they are [u] and cannot take such determiners as a/one or plural few are [c], y— are not [c], although they have plural endings, *several addition of a plural ending to some can change the meaning of the base, ence— can only use singular form with ―a‖, some only plural form, some both. has a dislike/dread/hatred/horror/love of had a good knowledge of my best regards to your refused with much regret / many have a suspicion / suspicions that he‘s abstract nouns can have indefinite article to expre ―a type of‖ or ―an example of‖.a)some can have an indefinite article only if modifier are doing *a busine / a brisk attach an exaggerated importance/importance to regular )if modifier is implied, ―a/an‖ can has had an education(= a good education).c)some can have ―a/an‖ regardle of knowledge/ a good knowledge of english is )number forms of the proper noun they have no plural forms, except for such proper name as the united states, the philippines, the one takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, browns
partitives
they are also called unit nouns and used to denote a part of a whole or the quantity of an undifferentiated )general partitives: piece, bit, item, article 2)partitives related to the shape of things: cake, bar, drop, ear, flight, grain, head, loaf, lump 3)partitives related to volume: bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, handful, )partitives related to the state of action: a fit of anger/coughing/laughter/fever 5)partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks: pair, herd, litter, swarm, bench, troupe, 5 genitive noun
教学重点及难点：
differences between ‗s genitive and of genitive;
use of independent genitive and double genitive
教 学 基 本 内 容
ion of genitive nouns, meanings of genitive nouns as poeive genitive, subjective genitive, objective genitive, genitive of origin, time, distance, etc, descriptive genitive;
of genitive nouns: genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as ―poeive determiners‖;
ndent genitive and double genitive: independent genitive is used when the miing noun ahs occurred somewhere in the context, when the miing noun refers to somebody‘s house or residence, church, school, or other public formation of double genitive and the difference between double genitive and of e 5
genitive noun teaching contents formation, meanings and uses of genitive nouns
independent genitive and double genitive
case is a grammatical category and denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a modern english is basically an analytic language, english nouns have not a complicated case system like that of latin, german, or modern different grammatical functions of english nouns in a sentence are mostly determined by the word order, not by case is in this sense that the genitive case may be viewed as a relic of the old case genitive was traditionally labelled as the poeive case systems: the unmarked common case and the marked genitive case: boy, boy‘s
the genitive case: the inflected genitive(the –s genitive)(屈折所属格）and the periphrastic genitive(the of-genitive)（迂回所属格） children‘s toys，the toys of children formation, meanings and uses of genitive nouns 1)rules of formation of the –s genitive a)adding ‘s to singular nouns and to those plural nouns that don‘t end in –s , mother‘s arrival, women‘s clothes
b)adding an apostrophe to plural nouns ending in –s, teachers‘ college, the workers‘ achievements
c)adding ‘s to the compound nouns or to the end of a postmodified noun phrase, brother-in-law‘s friend, a cat and dog‘s life, [the teacher of music]‘s room
d)in coordinate nouns, the genitive ending is added to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective poeion, and only to the last coordinate element when denoting common poeion, a‘s and england‘s problems(respective);
america and england‘s problems(in common)
coordinated genitive
head of the noun phrase is singular: charles and louise‘s / charles‘s and louise‘s child is really lovely.(the child is a joint offspring of charles and louise.) head of the noun phrase is plural: charles and louise‘s / charles‘s and louise‘s children are really lovely.(the children are joint offspring of charles and louise.)
‘s and mary‘s children:
children who are offspring of john and mary ‘s child and mary‘s child ‘s children and mary‘s child ‘s child and mary‘s children ‘s children and mary‘s children coordinated genitives are and his brother‘s children f
to avoid ambiguity? ‘m interested in henry and herbert‘s book(s)/ the book(s)of henry and ‘s house and ‘s are not far from ―or‖ only connects coordinated genitive is that a lady‘s or gentleman‘s wrist-watch? is that a wrist-watch of a lady or gentleman? i wonder whether it is tom‘s or peter‘s house / the house of tom or )in the construction of ―noun phrase + appositive‖, the genitive ending is added to the end of the appositive, or both to the end of the noun phrase and to the appositive, is my clamate nancy‘s car? tom has gone to basel‘s, the blacksmith‘s shop f)in personal names ending in sibilant /z/, the genitive ending can either be ‘s or an apostrophe only, but it can only be ‘s when personal names end in other sibilant sounds，‘ / burns‘s poem(sibilant /z/);
ro‘s poem
2)meanings of genitive nouns the genitive is chiefly used to denote poeion, and therefore, is traditionally called ―poeive case‖.but genitive meanings are by no means restricted to poeion, as shown in the following: a)poeive genitive， son‘s wife, n‘s paport
b)subjective genitive, student‘s application
c)objective genitive family‘s support d)genitive of origin girl‘s story
e)descriptive(claifying)genitive(not of-genitive) women‘s college
(=college for women/*of women)f)genitive of measure four days‘ journey, two dollars‘ worth of apples
3)uses of genitive nouns genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as ―poeive determiners‖,(traditionally called poeive pronouns), boy‘s father= his father mary‘s letter = her letter
a)as central determiners, genitive nouns can‘t collocate with other central determiner, nor can they be preceded by a ‘s letter, * a mary‘s letter;
mary‘s interesting letter, * interesting mary‘s letter
this, however, does not apply to some other genitive nouns such as the descriptive genitive and the genitive that denotes time, distance, value or se genitive nouns are not used as determiners but as premodifiers in the noun phrases, /the children‘s book, a pleasant three day‘s journey
claifying genitive differ in a number of respects from specifying )they respond to the question ―what kind of …?‖ rather than ―whose …?‖, which displays their similarity to adjectives and other such noun premodifiers, rather than to fact, they cannot be replaced by poeive )they can be preceded by determiners and modifiers of the whole noun phrase, rather than of the genitive noun alone: a new children‘s again is true also for adjective and noun premodifiers of )they form an inseparable combination with the following noun and do not usually allow an intervening adjective: *children‘s new )they are frequently paraphrased by a for-phrase rather than an of construction, as in books for e again constructions with noun premodifier like baby characteristics reflect the close bond between a claifying genitive and the following head )the choice of genitive
the –s genitive is favoured by the animate nouns in particular persons and animals with personal gender of-genitive is chiefly used with nouns denoting lower animals and with inanimate main factor governing the choice of the one or the other genitive form is the animate or rather the personal quality of the there is considerable overlap in the use of the two animate nouns normally take the –s genitive, but the of-genitive is also poible in most ate nouns regularly take the of-genitive, but a great many occur with the –s four claes of animate nouns normally take the –s genitive, but the of-genitive is also poible a)personal names---george washington‘s statue, susan‘s pupils b)personal nouns---the boy‘s new shirt, my sister-in-law‘s hat
c)collective nouns---the government‘s conviction, the majority‘s choice d)higher animals
---the horse‘s neck, the tiger‘s strips
the –s genitive is also used with certain kinds of inanimate nouns a)geographical names---continents: europe‘s future---countries: china‘s development
---states: minnesota‘s immigrants
---cities/towns: hollywood‘s studios, london‘s water supply
---universities: harvard‘s linguistics department b)locative nouns denoting regions, heavenly bodies, institutions:---the world‘s economic organization, the moon‘s interior, the school‘s history c)temporal nouns---a week‘s holiday
d)nouns of special interest to human activity---my life‘s aim, love‘s spirit, the novel‘s structure, the wine‘s character, television‘s future
the use of the –s genitive and of-genitive(1)we must use the –s genitive when…
a)the noun modified is followed by a post-modifier or an appositive.---the monitor‘s brother, an actor was here )it is a claifying genitive.---have you a copy of the teacher‘s book?
c)the –s genitive is used in some set expreions:---a wolf in sheep‘s clothing
people don‘t get their money‘s worth.*people don‘t get the worth of their must use the of-genitive when…
a)the noun in the of-phrase is followed by some modifiers or appositives---some sentences have been changed at the suggestion of the teachers present in the )the definite article +-ed participle or adjective denoting a cla of people in the of-phrase structure---the life of the poor c)the prepositional complementation in the of-phrase exprees the origin of the headword modified
---the joy of his return(the joy derives from his return)
d)the genitive is used to expre the poeive relationship between part and whole---the middle of the night---the back of the claroom---the top of the page---the bottom of the ladder e)there are determiners before the two nouns---their knowledge of her feeling---this dog of the country
the difference between the –s genitive and the of-genitive(a)the –s genitive : regularity and continuity
the of-genitive : contingency of things---my last week‘s article(每周一次的连载文章）---my article of last week(偶尔刊登的文章）(b)the –s genitive: informal
the of-genitive: formal---the woman next door‘s husband---the foreign policy of china
(c)the –s genitive: literal sense(字面意义）
the of-genitive: extended meaning(引申意义）and symbolic meaning(象征意义）
---the tree‘s top（树梢）
---the top of the tree(出类拔萃）---the table‘s top(桌面）
---the top of the table（上座，首席）
independent genitive and double genitive 1)independent genitive when the genitive occurs without a following head, the head of the noun phrase omitted, and functions independently as an element, it is called independent )the noun occurring in the context can be retrieved---my car is faster than john‘s(car).b)names and nouns referring to persons which denote residence:
see you at harry‘s tomorrow.---shall we meet at his brother‘s(house).c)proper nouns for certain well-known buildings:
‘s(cathedral), queen‘s(college)‘s(palace)the noun: church, school, public buildings---he lives near ‘s(cathedral)in )words for shops denoted by the type of shopkeeper: the baker‘s/butcher‘s/grocer‘s/greengrocer‘s commercial firms---i buy my meat at johnson‘s(shop).2)double genitive an independent genitive when functioning as prepositional complementation is called post- prepositional phrase with a post-genitive as complementation is called double genitive.---a friend of my father‘s 1)the use of the double genitive a)partitive meaning denoting ―one of…‖---this is a book of my mother‘s.(one of …)
nite, definite, personal---a friend of the doctor‘s(*the cover of a book‘s)attention to some points a)noun head with ―this, these, that, those‖: it has emotional colouring : praise, disapproval, pleasure, displeasure---that child of his sister‘s is very clever.---that son of henry‘s is a boy of a girl 一般的of短语用来修饰或限制前面的名词的，但是，在此处：限定词+名词1+of + a/an + 名词2，of短语与前面的名词构成同位关系，而且名词2是概念的中心，of短语是对名词2进行修饰的，就像一个形容词：
an angel of a wife = an angelic wife;the fool of a policeman = the foolish policeman a boy of a girl 一个男孩气的女孩子 *一个女孩气的男孩 a palace of a house 宫殿般的房子
a great elephant of a woman 一个庞大如象的女人
此结构的特点是：名词2前必须使用不定冠词，而名词1前可用任何限定词(a, this, that, her, your) dog of a landlord 狗地主
that great pig of a louis xviii 大肥猪路易十八
this / a / their palace of a house *these palaces of a house
b)difference between double genitive and of phrase---he is a friend of my father‘s.(many, one of them)---he is a friend of my father.(in good terms)a: who told you that? b: a friend of your father‘: if he says such things, he is not a friend of my )the noun head: picture, portrait, printing, photograph, bust, statue the double genitive---the picture that one keeps the of phrase---the picture of one‘s own---this is a portrait of ‘s---this is a portrait of d)the noun head: criticism, opinion, judgment，---a criticism of william‘s = a criticism offered by william---a criticism of william = a criticism about william correct the errors of the genitives if any: ‘s the dictionary of cathy‘s?
don‘t know whether this is a lady or a gentleman‘s love of a child took the fancy of all of poem of shelly‘s he recited a hundred times was ode to the west and horatia‘s eyes dictionary of cathy‘s
lady‘s or(a)gentleman‘s wristwatch
leon 6 determiners(i)
教学重点及难点：
ations between determiners: predeterminers, central determiners and comparative study of some determiner usage: some, any, every ,much, etc.教 学 基 本 内 容
ations between determiners and nouns: determiners with all three claes of nouns, with singular count nouns, plural count nouns, noncount nouns, etc;
ations between three kind of determiners: the category of predeterminer ,central determiner and postdeterminer, word order of three subclaes of determiners: predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer;
comparative study of some determiner usage: many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a few, a little, some, any, all, both, every, each, either, iners, as a cla of words, include: article(definite article, indefinite article, and zero article), poeive determiners, genitive nouns, demonstrative determiners, relative determiners, interrogative determiners, indefinite determiners, cardinal and ordinal numerals, fractional and multiplicative numerals, and other quantifiers between determiners and nouns
the choice of determiners is closely related to what might be called the three claes of nouns: singular count nouns, plural cont nouns and noucount se tree claes of nouns demand appropriate determiners to collocate iners with all three claes of nouns
determiners such as poeive determiners, genitive nouns and the definite article as well as some any, no, the other, and whom can go with all the three claes of nouns, eg: the car the cars the money his car his cars his money some book some books some money no book no books no money whose book whose books whose money determiners with singular count nouns only determiners such as a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a ,such a can only collocate with singular count nouns, eg: each worker every student either book neither book another book such a book determiners with plural count nouns only determiners such as, two, three, etc, another, two/ three, many,(a)few, several, these, those, a(great)number of can only collocate with plural count nouns, eg: both workers
(a)few words several girls
these / those tourists a number of men
many students determiners with noncount nouns only determiners such as a(little)bit of ,a great amount of ,a great deal of ,(a)little, much, le ,least can only collocate with noncount nouns, eg: much noise(a)little courage a bit of fun
a large amount of money le oil
(the)least oil determiners with singular and plural count nouns only determiners such as the first, the second, the last, the next can go with wither singular or plurals count nouns, eg‖ the first rose/ roses the last man/ men the next meeting/ meetings determiners with singular and noncount nouns only determiners such as this that can collocate with either singular or noncount nouns, eg: this/ that job
this / that work determiners with plural and noncount nouns only determiners such as a lot of , lots of , plenty of, enough, most, such, other can go with plural and noncount nouns, but not with singular nouns,eg: enough copies
enough bread more eays
more time most people
most work this cla of determiners may also include le and least, which, as has been mentioned above, normally occur with noncount nouns, but in present day english, especially in formal style, may occasionally occur with plural nouns,eg: le and le people can afford to go abroad for their cal programs on tv attract the least use of le and least is regarded by some as )collocations between determiners
as has been mentioned before, besides the collocations between determiners and nouns, there is the problem of word order between determiners if a noun 0phrase contains more than one l determiners, predeterminers and postdeterminers according to their potential, determiners fall into three subclaes: central determiners, predeterminers and l determiners included: the article;demonstrative determiner;poeive determiners;genitive nouns;some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough;what(ever),which(ever),whose, that central determiners are mutually exclusive and that no two members of the above-cited items ever occur together in a noun erminers are those hat precede central erminers are also mutually include: all, both, half, double, twice, three times, -third, two-fifths, etc;what, such(a/an).postdeterminers refer to those that follow central or terminers are not mutually exclusive, that is to say, two or more such items can co=occur in a noun subcla includes: cardinal numerals;ordinal numerals;next, another ,etc;many much,(a_ few,(a)little, fewer,(the)fewest, le(the)least, more, most;several, plenty of , a lot of lots of , a great/large/good number of, a great/good deal of , a large/ small amount of , order of three subclaes of determiners
when a noun phrase contains all three subclaes of determiners, their normal order is ―predetermine + central determiner + post determiner(s)‖: all the four students all these last few days both his two sisters if the noun phrase contains only two of the subclaed, they follow the same order, ie ―predeterminer + central determiner‖:
half his income both his parents all the tourists ―central determiner+postdeterminer‖: the author‘s last books some such alloy his last few words ―predeterminer+postdeterminer‖: all three books all other students half such people
―postdeterminer+postdeterminer‖ several hundred tourists three other girls many more copies )a comparative study of some determiner usage many, much, a lot of ,lots of, plenty of
leon 7 determiners(ii)--articles
教学重点及难点：
es in use with different claes of nouns;
phrases applied with definite, indefinite and zero articles
教 学 基 本 内 容
c and specific reference: generic reference, specific reference, anaphoric, cataphoric and situational es in use with different claes of noun: articles in use with the proper noun, articles in use with the common noun and other use of articles;
phrases applied with definite, indefinite and zero articles: phrases with zero articles as at anchor, in force, out of hand etc, phrases with definite articles as for the time being, on the spot, in the long run, etc, and examples with indefinite articles as before person‘s names, or before the non-finite element, e 7 determiners(ii)---articles in the previous lecture we touched upon the fact that articles are the most typical of we will concentrate on this h has two articles: the definite and the indefinite we know, all english common nouns have article contrast, so with plural count nouns and noncount nouns, the absence of an article signals the presence of another kind of article---the zero is in this sense that we may also say that english has three articles---the definite, the indefinite, and the zero generic and specific references in discuing the use of article, we must distinguish between generic and specific c reference when we say the reference is generic, we are talking about any membe4r representative of a cla of people of the three forms of article can be used generically to refer to members of a cla as a certain contexts, the definite article followed by a singular count noun often performs a generic same function can also be performed by the definite article combining with certain adjectives or adjectival c reference can also be denoted by the indefinite article followed by a singular count is especially common in giving so doing, we can also use plural and noncount nouns without the presence of any may be referred to as the generic use of the zero ic reference specific reference is different from generic reference in that it does not refer to a cla of people or things in general but to a particular specimen of the ic reference falls into two kinds: definite specific reference and indefinite specific te specific reference implies that a person or an object can be identified uniquely in the context or according to the common knowledge shared by speaker and definite article is most frequently used in this the case of indefinite specific reference the person or thing referred to is also a specific object, but is not definitely kind of referential meaning is most commonly expreed by the indefinite certain contexts and situations the zero article can perform the same ric, anaphoric and situational reference definite specific reference can be anaphoric, anaphoric, or word anaphoric means ―pointing backward‖.when what is referred to occurs in a previous context and the definite article has to point backward for its meaning, this is known as ―anaphoric reference‖.the anaphoric use of the definite article is called ―anaphoric the‖.anaphoric reference is also a kind of definite specific word means ―pointing forward‖.when the referential meaning of the definite article is determined by what follows the articles and the head, and the article has to point forward for its own interpretation, that is anaphoric ional reference is a kind of definite specific reference that depends not on any referent that has occurred in the context but solely on the common knowledge shred by speaker and hearer on a specific situation in which the reference is made ional reference is most commonly denoted by the definite article, but in certain situations the same function can also be performed by 8 & 9 pronouns(i, ii)
教学重点及难点：
ns concord in number, gender and case; usage of personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns.教 学 基 本 内 容
ns concord in number, gender and number: pronoun concord with every-,some-, any-compounds as antecedent, with coordinate construction as antecedent, with collective nouns antecedent, and with ―plural noun/ pronoun +each‖ as gender, pronoun concord with male/female noun as antecedent, with common gender noun as antecedent, and with neutral gender noun as antecedent, etc;
of pronoun forms: choice between subjective and objective case, choice between adjective and genitive case;
pronoun, reflexive pronoun, and generic use of personal pronouns;
n reference: anaphoric, cataphoric, situational reference, personal reference, and demonstrative ng contents pronoun concord in number pronoun concord in gender pronoun concord in person
pronouns are a varied closed-cla words with nominal h has a developed pronoun system, comprising:
al pronouns pronouns ive pronouns ocal pronouns trative pronouns ogative pronouns ve pronouns nite pronouns pronoun concord in number personal pronouns, poeive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and corresponding determiners have their singular and plural number contrast of pronouns differs from that of nouns in that pronoun number contrast is morphologically unrelated, as in i/we, he/they, as opposed to the typical regular formation of noun plurals: boy/ choice of pronoun number forms is generally determined by the number of its antecedent, that is, a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number.---they haven‘t yet made up their own )pronoun concord with every-, some-, any-compounds as antecedent:
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody，take the singular form(grammatical)---everybody looked after himself.---nobody wants to go there, does he? in informal style, the plural form, ne or everybody:---everybody knows what they have to hing, something, anything, nothing: singular---everything is ready, isn‘t?
2)pronoun concord with coordinate construction as antecedent(notional concord)---i bought bread and butter at the shop, and they cost 50c.---she likes bread and butter, but this is too )pronoun concord with collective noun as antecedent(notional concord)---the government is doing its best to boost production.---the government have discued the matter for a long time but they have shown no sign of reaching an )pronoun concord with ―plural noun / pronoun + each‖ as antecedent
the choice of the number forms of the pronoun and corresponding determiner depends on the position of the appositive ―each‖: before the verb---plural form;
after the verb---singular form---we each are accountable for our own families.---we are each responsible for his own pronoun concord in gender gender is a grammatical is a set of grammatical forms of nouns, determiners and adjectives that tell of the distinctions of h nouns have four genders: masculine(man), feminine(woman), neutral(book)and common(student).but we do not mean any overt grammatical forms that show the distinctions of sex, but the differences of natural sex denoted by the lexical meaning of )pronoun concord with male / female noun as antecedent---when paul met mary, he asked her to go to )pronoun concord with common gender noun as antecedent some common gender nouns, such as doctor, teacher, engineer, lawyer, parent, student…… they can either be male or they are used in the singular for generic
reference, these nouns are generally referred to as he, a kind of practice that is opposed by feminists.---if a person breaks the law, he will be punished.---the parent of a teenage child often wonders where he went wrong.---parents of teenage children often wonder where they went wrong.(plural form)---when a customer calls, ask him to leave his phone number.---when a customer calls, be sure to ask for a phone number.(no pronoun or determiner is used.)in formal writing as in legal documents, ―he or she‖, ―his or her‖ can also be used.---the parent of a teenage child often wonders where he or she went wrong.(2)some common gender nouns such as baby, infant, and child are intermediate between personal and the speaker does not know , or is not interested in the sex of the baby or infant, he may use the neutral it:---the baby was sleeping in its if the speaker is the baby‘s mother, she is unlikely to refer to her baby as it:---watch out!the baby is trying to put the toy watch into his )pronoun concord with neutral gender noun as antecedent when the antecedent is a singular noun of neutral gender, a noun denoting an inanimate or non-personal object, the neutral pronoun or the corresponding determiner is generally used.(it / itself / its)---that book has lost its will put a new one on it.(2)just as a baby may be designated it, so a number of nonhuman species may be designated he or she.(car, ship)---the car needs some ‘s fill her / him up at the next garage.(3)when the antecedent is an animal noun, it is generally referred to as it in nonexpert the anima is spoken of with emotion or is personified, it may be referred to as he or she.---the cat is a useful animal because it eats rats.---the cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself is also true of the names of celestial bodies or abstract ideas: sun, moon, earth, nature, history, war, death---the sun is shining in all his splendid beauty.---nature, the greatest artist, makes her common flowers in the common view.(4)names of countries may be treated either as feminine or used as geographical units, they are treated as inanimate and therefore neutral:---china is in east is one of the largest countries in the used as political or economic units, the names of countries are often feminine, she or her is generally used:---china has a history of over 5000 is proud of her pronoun concord in person by pronoun concord in person, we mean two things: pronoun concord in person on sentential level in a sentence, the person of a pronoun is determined by the person of its antecedent.---my brother has sold his the antecedent is a coordinate construction containing a first or second person pronoun, the referring pronoun should be first and second person in plural number.---my friend and i are reading the ‘ll be through in half an hour.---you and the accountant are familiar with can both see )pronoun concord in person on textual level in a text pronouns should be consistent in person from beginning to is a matter of speaking or writing from what point of view, from the speaker‘s or writer‘s point of view or from that of a third consistent point of view is a guarantee of clarity in ng contents choice of pronoun case forms
reflexive pronouns
pronoun reference choice of pronoun case forms
reflexive pronouns
pronoun reference pronoun reference is a kind of reference realized through the use of a pronoun is used it must refer to somebody or is referred to is called is the antecedent that indicates the referential meaning of the ric, cataphoric and situational reference according to the relative position of the antecedent, pronoun reference can be anaphoric or the antecedent occurs before the pronoun, which has to point backward for its own interpretation, that is anaphoric reference.---john has moved to a new had it built last the antecedent appears after the pronoun, and the pronoun has to point forward for its meaning, that is cataphoric reference.---when she has finished her work, mary left the the antecedent does not occur anywhere in a linguistic context, and the pronoun only refers to somebody or something indicated by an extra linguistic situation in which the utterance is given, that is situational reference.---how hard he studies a pronoun is used, it can only refer to one a pronoun has two or more poible antecedents, that will lead to ambiguity.---he introduced me to the pilot who had looked after him when he was in hospital.---he introduced me to the pilot whom he had looked after in the hospital…
2)personal reference personal reference is established by personal pronouns, poeive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and corresponding al reference is generally may occur within the sentence boundary or acro sentences.---when mary has finished her work, she left the office.---john has moved to a new had it built last al reference can also be cataphoric, but under limited lly speaking, cataphoric personal pronouns usually occur in subordinate constructions, and where cataphoric reference occurs, anaphoric reference canbe used instead, but not conversely.---when she had finished her work, mary left the office.(cataphoric)---when mary had finished her work, she left the office.(anaphoric)---mary bought a new dre, but she didn‘t like it.---she bought a new dre, but mary didn‘t like )demonstrative reference demonstrative reference is established by demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative the demonstratives can be freely used in anaphoric reference.---the man gad been drinking too much;this explain his unsteady : i like the polar are my : those are my favorites too.---our daughter got a bad sun-burn ‘s why we couldn‘t for cataphoric demonstratives, they are restricted to this and these, which are commonly used to refer to a following clause or sentence or a group of sentences.---―the great difficulty is this,‖ said the psychologist, ―you can move about in all directions of space, but you can‘t move about in time.‖
―that‖ and ―these‖ are rarely used occasionally so used, they often take on sarcastic meanings.---how do you like that? he stabs you in the back and then profees to be your 10 verb and verb phrase
教学重点及难点：
difference between finite and non-finite verb;
claifications and usage of some phrasal verbs
教 学 基 本 内 容
cation of ing to different standards, verbs and verb phrases may falls into six types grammatically, semantically: main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbs, dynamic verbs and stative verbs, single-word verbs and phrasal verbs, finite and non-finite verbs, regular and irregular verbs;
survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood: tense and aspect, active and paive voice, finite and non-finite phrases. claifications and usage of some phrasal verbs: v.+ prep, v.+ adverb particle, v.+ adverb particle + usage of phrasal verbs as pride oneself on, take pride in and be proud of, e 10 verb and verb phrase teaching contents claification of verbs(i) claification of verbs(ii) a survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood
claification of verbs(i)1)main verbs and auxiliaries
according to different roles played in the formation of verb phrases verbs are spanided into two claes: main verbs and we know, a verb phrase may consist of a main verb only;this is called a simple verb verb phrase may also take the form of a verb preceded by one or more auxiliaries;this is called a complex verb verbs are also called notional verbs functioning as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb aries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and )primary auxiliaries: be, do, t lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical is usually used to help the main verb to form the progreive aspect or the expreive ary do is used to help the main verb to expre negative meanings or to form question, and sometimes to help expre the emphatic function of auxiliary have is to help the main verb to form the perfective or the perfective progreive )modal auxiliaries: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used expre modal a finite verb phrase, we can use only one modal auxiliary which is invariably followed by the bare infinitive or the base )semi-auxiliaries: have to, seem can help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and expre the modal meaning on the one hand, and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the )transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbs verbs are spanided in accordance with whether or not they must be followed by obligatory elements functioning as complementation and what kind of elements that must )transitive verbs must be followed by an are followed by two objects, ct object and direct object;.some by an object and an object complement;some by an object and an obligatory adverbial b)intransitive verbs do not require an )linking verbs are followed by a subject )dynamic and stative verbs a)dynamic verbs refer to y can be subclaified into three categories:
durative verbs, transitional verbs and momentary )stative verbs refer to present or past states, a relatively stable state of are normally incompatible with the progreive except in certain cases where there is a transfer of can be claified into four first includes main verbs ―be‖ and ―have‖.the second includes verbs that include, as part of their meaning, the notion of being and having, such as apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh, third includes verbs that refer to a sense perception, such as hear, see, feel, taste, fourth subcla includes verbs that refer to a feeling, a state of mind or an opinion, such as aume, believe, consider, detest, e verbs are not used in progreive aspect, otherwise, they will be changed into dynamic verbs, such as be, is being foolish(=is acting foolishly).we‘re having a wonderful time(= are enjoying ourselves).the verbs resemble and cost are stative verbs when they are used to mean respectively ―be like‖ and ―be worth‖, but when used in other meanings, these two verbs just like dynamic verbs can occur in the resembles his is resembling his father(= is becoming more and more like his father)as the years go tion verbs when used in a non-volitional sense are stative verb, but when used in a volitional sense are dynamic can taste pepper in ‘m tasting this dinal verbs such as think, imagine, understand are stative verbs, but they can occasionally be used dynamically to expre different meanings, ‘m thinking(= giving thought to a problem).there are also cases of a special polite use of the progreive with verbs like want, hope, you wanting to see me? claification of verbs(ii)according to word formation and grammatical form, english verb may be spanided into single-verbs and phrasal verbs, finite verbs and non-finite verb, regular verbs and irregular )single-word verbs and phrasal verbs
a phrasal verb is a verb that is composed of two or more can be claified into three categories: a)verb + preposition police are looking into the )verb + adverb particle meeting has been called )verb + adverb particle + preposit
高中英语语法教案【第三篇】
高中英语语法整理总结
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。
顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
helikeswatchingtv.他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：
1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
westudyforthepeople.我们为人民学习。2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式
icanspeakalittleenglish.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
mysisterisanurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
welikeenglish.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
hegavemesomeink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
wemakehimourmonitor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
heisanewstudent.他是个新生。
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。
thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
6、状语
修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
helivesinlondon.他住在伦敦。
7.补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语，说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:we will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：形容词，副词，名词，不定式，ing形式，数词等。
句子的类型：
1.主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+状语
3.主语+谓语+宾语
4.主语+系动词+表语
5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语
7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
高中英语常见语法错误列举分析
[导读] 本文将对高中英语常见语法错误进行列举分析，近年来，随着课程新标准的颁布，高中英语的改革不断深化，系统的语法学习显得越来越重要。一个好的语法基础无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解句子结构，规范语言的实际运用并使之富有逻辑性，同时提高语言功底以及融会贯通和理解能力。
本文将对高中英语常见语法错误进行列举分析，近年来，随着课程新标准的颁布，高中英语的改革不断深化，系统的语法学习显得越来越重要。一个好的语法基础无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解句子结构，规范语言的实际运用并使之富有逻辑性，同时提高语言功底以及融会贯通和理解能力。同时，高考中对语法的考查也呈现出新特点：单纯的语法规则测试题减少，而代之以语法加语境，语法加上下文，语法加比较辨析等三个方面的题目。我们的语法学习也应该顺应这个潮流。从易犯错误的地方入手，无疑是系统学习语法，应对高考新特点的最好切入点。
下面笔者依据近年的高考试题，总结了英语学习中易犯的一些错误：
一.词法方面
词法方面，词语的辨析成为现今高考命题的重点，对考生来说也是一大难点。其综合性越来越强，很多题目要根据上下文，反复比较才能做出正确判断。这也提醒我们学习词语时，要关注它的多个意思，同时不要死记硬背，要在具体的语言环境里灵活地学习和掌握。
1.____ two exams to worry about, i have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京) s for e of 本题说的是：因为担心两门考试，这个周末我不得不拼命学习。句意很简单明了，besides“除了”，as for“至于”两个选项很容易排除，因此许多同学根据字面意思选择了错误选项d。错误的原因是because of后边不能接复合宾语，而正确答案a项构成的with独立结构也可表原因。所谓with独立结构是指with+名词(或代词)+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语
2.----do you like____ here?----oh , air, the weather, the way of hing is so nice.(2004 全国一) 很多同学看到the air, the weather, the way of life，以为这么多东西，当然应该是these了，从而误选了b。此处it指代这些东西，同时对应了everything。正确答案是d 二.动词的时态
动词的时态依然是亘古不变的重点。时态的考查也不再局限于过去时，过去完成进行时等也开始出现在考卷上。这一类题目中，理解其所给的语境成为答对题目的关键。另外，试题中还故意设计出了一些陷阱：如经常出现在某一种时态中的时间状语放在另一种时态里。考生极易犯思维定式的错误，所以，务必认真审题也变得非常重要。
crazy fans____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.(2004重庆)a were waiting been waiting waited wait 这道时态题难度不小，从题目中的场景可知，空格处的“等待”动作应发生在“arrived”之前，即过去的过去，所以应用过去完成时;同时“for two hours”这个时间状语告诉我们该句强调的是动作在过去一直持续进行。综合二者，我们选择一个最佳答案：过去完成进行时。答案为：b is said in the book that thomas edison(1847-1931)____the world leading inventor for sixty years.(2004辽宁) be been been 此题难度较大，无数考生拜倒在其脚下。错误的原因是：看到for sixty years，再加上前面用了一般现在时的动词is，便以为是现在完成时，所以选择b。殊不知题目中给出的是一段过去的时间(1847-1931)，而一般过去时也可以用以描述过去的一段时间的事实。所以答案是d：爱迪生过去曾经连续60年是世界上发明创造界的领袖。
三.三大类从句
对于从句的把握，不仅对语法题目意义重大，对写作也大有裨益。要弄明白名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句三者的区别和联系，要了解各自的引导词以及引导的句子种类，从本质上把握它们。
modern city has been set up in____ was a wasteland ten years ago.(2004 天津) 此题解答时，易把汉语的习惯移植进去：十年前曾是一片废墟的地方，从而误选d。本题中，空格及空格后面的部分共同做介词in的宾语。而在这个宾语从句中，空格部分又要做主语。毫无疑问，where是副词的性质，从来只能做状语，决不可能做主语。同时本题有没有给定一个供选择的范围，所以排除了which。正确答案是a 四.分词
分词使我们中国学生最头疼的语法点知识。很多学生读了研究生后依然搞不清楚现在分词和过去分词。其实，只要适当的加以分类和记忆，便能迅速地理情头绪，并彻底掌握它。1.-----such a good chance, he planed to learn be given been given given 该题有三个关键点：主语he，谓语动作plan，非谓语动作give;he与give之间很显然是被动关系，所以排除表主动的现在分词c和d;give这个动作明显在谓语动作plan之前，所以选择完成式b 2.-----time, he will make a first-cla tennis given give 该题的三个关键点：主语he，谓语动作make，非谓语动作give：he与give之间同样是被动关系，而abc均为主动，所以选d。该题如果增加难度，可以加入一个迷惑选项：被动完成式having been given，此项也不可选，因为完成式必须表示动作已发生过;本题中动作只是一种假设，尚未发生。
高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：
情态动词的语法特征 1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2)情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
比较can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考资源网力;可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
they will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to a.位于助动词后。
b.情态动词后。
c.表示过去某时刻动作时。
d.用于句首表示条件。
e.表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。
he was able to flee europe before the war broke out.= he managed to flee europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。
---could i have the television on?---yes, you can./ no, you )在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
he couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。
比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
may god ble you!he might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2)成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
if that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题
peter ___come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure 答案b.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。
比较have to和must 1)两词都是必须的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
my brother was very ill, so i had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)he said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
he had to look after his sister )在否定结构中： dont have to表示"不必" mustnt表示"禁止"，you dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。you mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
must表示推测
1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
you have worked hard all must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)he must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
he must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。
he must stay there.他必须呆在那。
3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
i didnt hear the must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。---why didnt you answer my phone call?---well, i must have been sleeping, so i didnt hear )否定推测用cant。
if tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1)情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
i dont know where she is, she may be in )情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
at this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。we would have finished this work by the end of next december.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
the road is must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。
mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
情态动词+have+过去分词
1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car )must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
---linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---she must have gone by )ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
you ought to(should)have been more careful in this ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4)neednt have done sth本没必要做某事
i dreed very warmly for the trip, but ineednt have done weather was )would like to have done sth本打算做某事
i would like to have read the article, but i was very busy 和ought to should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。---ought he to go?--- think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
had better表示最好
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth had better not do sth it is pretty better put on my better not play with the better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
you had better have come rather表示"宁愿" would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
if i have a choice, i had sooner not continue my studies at this would rather stay here than go home.= i would stay here rather than go home.高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：
(一)： 独立高考资源网主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成。
(二)独立主格结构的特点：
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
the test finished, we began our holiday.= when the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。
the president aainated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= after the president was aainated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
this done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。
the meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。he came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
he came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
with的复合结构
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: he stood there, his hand raised.= he stood there, with his hand raise.典型例题
the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
tied be +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d.注意: 1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
a robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。
2)当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
he lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例题：
weather___, well go out for a permittedb permittingc permitsd for permitting 答案b.本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选b。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为if weather permits, well go out for a walk.然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可
高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，主谓一致是指：
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，主谓一致是指：
1)语法形式上高考资源网要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2)意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
there is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.并列结构作主语谓语用复数
reading and writing are very important.注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
the iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例题
the league secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the 答案b.注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除a.，c.。本题易误选d，因为the league secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选b。
主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
there is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..there are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the )当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保
crowd, cla, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。his family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
his family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
are there any police around? 3)有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
a number of +名词复数+复数动词。
the number of +名词复数+单数动词。
a number of books have lent majority of the students like english.与后接名词或代词保持一致
1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
most of his money is spent on of the students are taking an active part in )在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。
more than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市
高中英语语法总结大全之状语从句
地点状语从句
地点状高考资源网语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
where i live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。
wherever i am i will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，形容词修饰名词，说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，形容词修饰名词，说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
(错)he is an ill man.(对)the man is ill.(错)she is an afraid girl.(对)the girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：(错)she sang lovely.(错)he spoke to me very friendly.(对)her singing was lovely.(对)he spoke to me in a very friendly )有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early the times is a daily times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry the poor are losing )有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the british，the english，the french，the english have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous german medical school an expensive japanese sports car 典型例题: 1)tony is going camping with ___ two little other other two 答案：c。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--性质--名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有c符合答案。
2)one day they croed the ____bridge behind the chinese stone e old stone e stone old 答案a.几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3)----how was your recent visit to qingdao?----it was visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the last few sunny sunny last 答案：b。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠
近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：
限定词+数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，形容词修饰名词，说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助，形容词修饰名词，说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
(错)he is an ill man.(对)the man is ill.(错)she is an afraid girl.(对)the girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：(错)she sang lovely.(错)he spoke to me very friendly.(对)her singing was lovely.(对)he spoke to me in a very friendly )有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early the times is a daily times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry the poor are losing )有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the british，the english，the french，the english have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous german medical school an expensive japanese sports car 典型例题: 1)tony is going camping with ___ two little other other two 答案：c。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--性质--名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有c符合答案。
2)one day they croed the ____bridge behind the chinese stone e old stone e stone old 答案a.几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3)----how was your recent visit to qingdao?----it was visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the last few sunny sunny last 答案：b。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠
近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：
限定词+数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table
高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助：
情态动词的语法特征
1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2)情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
比较can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考资源网力;可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。they will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to a.位于助动词后。
b.情态动词后。
c.表示过去某时刻动作时。
d.用于句首表示条件。
e.表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。
he was able to flee europe before the war broke out.= he managed to flee europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。
---could i have the television on?---yes, you can./ no, you )在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
he couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。
比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
may god ble you!he might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2)成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
if that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题
peter ___come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure 答案b.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。
比较have to和must 1)两词都是必须的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。my brother was very ill, so i had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)he said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
he had to look after his sister )在否定结构中： dont have to表示"不必" mustnt表示"禁止"，you dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。
you mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
must表示推测
1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
you have worked hard all must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)he must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢。比较：
he must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。
he must stay there.他必须呆在那。
3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
i didnt hear the must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---why didnt you answer my phone call?---well, i must have been sleeping, so i didnt hear )否定推测用cant。
if tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1)情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
i dont know where she is, she may be in )情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
at this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
we would have finished this work by the end of next december.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
the road is must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。
mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
情态动词+have+过去分词
1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car )must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
---linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---she must have gone by )ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。you ought to(should)have been more careful in this ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4)neednt have done sth本没必要做某事
i dreed very warmly for the trip, but ineednt have done weather was )would like to have done sth本打算做某事
i would like to have read the article, but i was very busy 和ought to should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---ought he to go?--- think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
had better表示最好
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth had better not do sth it is pretty better put on my better not play with the better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
you had better have come rather表示"宁愿" would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
if i have a choice, i had sooner not continue my studies at this would rather stay here than go home.= i would stay here rather than go home.高中英语语法专项复习之代词
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的学习有所帮助：
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍，希望对大家的学习有所帮助：
人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主高考资源网格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：
john waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
john hoped the paenger would be mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
when he arrived, john went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
i saw her with them, at least, i thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her作主语补语)a.--who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶? b.--me.--我。(me作主语补语= its me.)说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和i。
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1)宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
----i like english.--我喜欢英语。
----me too.--我也喜欢。
----have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?----not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
he is taller than i/ is taller than i )主格代替宾格
a.在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b.在电话用语中常用主格。
----i wish to speak to mary.--我想和玛丽通话。
----this is she.--我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
i thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格----主格)i thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)i was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)they took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格----宾格)代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。
nobody came, did he?谁也没来，是吗? 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
give the cat some is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3)指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称-> 第三人称-> 第一人称
you-> he/she;it-> i you, he and i should return on )复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称-> 第二人称-> 第三人称
we->you->they 注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a.在承认错误，承担责任时，it was i and john that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b.在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：i and you try to finish 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
john had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken gla on his desk.约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--s属格结构，例如：
jacks cap意为 the cap is cap 意为 the cap is )名词性物主代词的句法功能
a.作主语，例如：
may i use your pen? yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b.作宾语，例如：
i love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c.作介词宾语，例如：
your should interpret what i said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d.作主语补语，例如：
the life i have is yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of brother of 反身代词
1)列表 iyouyoushehe myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself wetheyitone ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself 2)做宾语
a.有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave we enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。
b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to could not dre(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词，get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
please sit down.请坐。
3)作表语;同位语 be oneself: i am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
the thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
4)在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
no one but myself(me)is hurt.注意：
a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错)myself drove the car.(对)i myself drove the car.我自己开车。
b.但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
charles and myself saw )第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
you should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。
相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如： it is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能：
a.作动词宾语;people should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。
b.可作介词宾语;does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other，存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：
he put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。
he put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。
usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c.相互代词可加-s构成所有格，例如：
高中英语语法教案【第四篇】
高中英语语法总结
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。
顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
helikeswatchingtv.他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类： 1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
westudyforthepeople.我们为人民学习。2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式
icanspeakalittleenglish.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
mysisterisanurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
welikeenglish.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
hegavemesomeink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
wemakehimourmonitor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
heisanewstudent.他是个新生。
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
6、状语
修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
helivesinlondon.他住在伦敦。7.补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语，说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:we will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：形容词，副词，名词，不定式，ing形式，数词等。
句子的类型： 1.主语+谓语
2.主语+谓语+状语 3.主语+谓语+宾语 4.主语+系动词+表语
5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语 7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
高中英语语法项目表
说明：
（1）标*号的项目，七级要求理解，8级要求掌握。
（2）高中阶段的语法教学，应从语言运用的角度出发，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来。要引导学生在语境中了解和掌握语法的表意功能。
1.名词
（1）可数名词及其单复数（2）不可数名词（3）专有名词（4）名词所有格 2.代词（1）人称代词（2）物主代词（3）反身代词（4）指示代词（5）不定代词（6）疑问代词 3.数词（1）基数词（2）序数词 4.介词和介词短语 5.连词
6.形容词（比较级和最高级）7.副词（比较级和最高级）8.冠词 9.动词
（1）动词的基本形式（2）系动词
（3）及物动词和不及物动词（4）助动词（5）情态动词 10.时态（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）过去将来时（5）现在进行时（6）过去进行时（7）将来进行时*（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时*（10）现在完成进行时* 11.被动语态 12.非谓语动词（1）动词不定式（2）动词的-ing形式（3）动词的-ed形式 13.构词法（1）合成法（2）派生法（3）转化法（4）缩写和简写 14.句子种类（1）陈述句（2）疑问句（3）祈使句（4）感叹句 15.句子成分（1）主语（2）谓语（3）表语（4）宾语（5）定语（6）状语（7）补语*
16.简单句的基本句型 17.主谓一致* 18.并列复合句 19.主从复合句（1）宾语从句（2）状语从句（3）定语从句（4）主语从句*（5）同位语从句*（6）表语从句* 20.间接引语* 21.省略* 22.倒装* 23.强调* 24.虚拟语气*
8.特殊词精讲
stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。
they stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。
i must stop smoking..我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
she reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the have rested g
rest 答案：c。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
高中英语语法口诀
（一）
作者: 提供人:管理员
阅读:7760 时间:2008-9-1 9:44:36 高中阶段的语法知识在现行的教材中分布得较分散、零碎，学生学起来颇感吃力，难以记牢。一般说来，学习语法知识的途径很多，但教学中常用的主要有如下二种：一是通过教师的讲解，对所学语法规则的概念、结构，用法有个确切的了解；二是通过大量的练习，在英语实践中正确、熟练地掌握语法规则的用法。仔细惦量这两种方法，其实都强调了同一个极其重要的东西，即是―记忆‖。记忆的方式、方法很多，诸如分类记忆法，直观形象记忆法、奇持联想记忆法，特征记忆法等等。这里，笔者主要从词法与句法两大块对巧记英语语法作些阐述。
一、词法
（1）巧记名词变复数的规则：
单数变为复数式，一般词尾加-s；
下列句词词尾后，要加-s先加-e。
发音[f]、[ t ]、[s]和[z]，或是某些辅音加-o时。
有些名词变复数，词尾变化要注意。
y前字母是辅音，一律变y为-ies.遇到f和fe，有时需要变-ves.少数名词不规则，特殊情况要强记。
说明：
1．名词变复数形式， bag-bags banana-bananas bird-birds pen-pens,....2．词尾发音为[f , t s, z]的名词（即以字母sh, ch, s, x结尾者）在变复数时，要在词尾加-es，eg watch-watches, box-boxes, bus-buses,etc)
3．若词尾字母o的前面是辅音字母，变为复数时，有些加-es，eg hero-heroes, negro-negroes, patato-patatoes, tomato-tomatoes.这四个词可组成一句话来记忆：heroes and negroes eat potatoes and tomatoes（英雄和黑人吃马铃薯和西红柿。简为二人吃二菜。）
但有些以o结尾的名词则加-s，eg photo – photoes, piano –pianos等。
4．若词尾字母y前加的是辅音字母时，变为复数，首先把y变为i，再加-es, eg family – families, city-cities, baby – babies等，但若词尾y前为元音字母时，则可直接加-s, eg day-days, boy-boys等。
5．以f和fe结尾的名词变复数时，首先将f和fe变为v, 再加-es，我们也可用一句话来记，―狼（wolf）和小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用小刀（knife）威胁书架(shelf)上的半片（half）叶子（leaf）的生命（life）。另外记住一些常见特殊词，eg roof—有些名词的复数变化是不规则的，eg man-men, woman-women, child-children, chinese-chinese, sheep-sheep等，平时多留心，稍微加以归纳，是不难发现其的特征的。
（2）定冠词
冠词是nmet试题中出现较频繁的词性，近五年复出率高达%。因而掌握冠词，尤其是定冠词的用法也尤其必要。
请看下面的顺口溜，它可以帮助我们记忆定冠词的一些用法：
特指、重提和唯一，岛屿，海峡和海湾；
海洋，党派最高级，沙漠，河流与群山；
方位、顺序和乐器，年代，团体与机关；
船名，建筑和组织，会议，条约与报刊；
姓氏复数，国全名，请你记住用定冠。
下面让我们再来―验证‖这顺口溜吧。请仔细观察下面各句中定冠词的用法，不难发现它的―功效‖与―真伪‖了。
girl in red has just come back from will give us a talk will begin at 800 sun gives us heat and pacific ocean is the largest of communist party of china was founded in you know when the great wall came into being ’s on the people’s einsteins could not pay for the advanced education that young albert was the first to come
heard somebody playing the piano in the next changes have taken place in the 1990’s
1864, lincoln was elected president of the united states for the second time.（3）非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动词的过去分词和动词的-ing形式三种。这是高考中的热点，其考查量多、面广，几乎是必考的一个知识点。近六年高考复现率达百分之百。纵观试题，其考查重点为动词非谓语形式的作用及功能相同的非谓语动词之间的区别。学生对此知识也―知之半解‖，深感头疼。请看下面的方法，将有助于记住不定式及动名词。
1、动词的不定式
①不定式有标记，to与动词连一起。
②没有人称数变化，动词特点它具备。
③主宾定状表补语，唯独作谓不可以。
④not 加上不定式，否定结构要牢记。
⑤疑问词与不定式，构成短语有意义。
⑥仔细推敲多思考，准确判断有依据。
解析：①―to+动词原形‖是它的基本构成形式，即不定式的标记。
②它没有人称和数的变化，不管主语是任何人称，单数还是复数，动词不定式都没有变化。但它仍保留动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语。③它具有名词、形容词和副词三大特点，所以，它在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和宾补。
④―not +动词不定式‖是它的否定形式，不要受其他否定式的影响，要记住规律。
⑤疑问代词what, who, whom, which和疑问副词where, when, why , how加上不定式在句中可以做主语，宾语、表语、状语。
⑥通过以上分析，只要仔细研究，把不定式的功能用法搞清楚，在应用时就能作出准确的判断。
2、动名词：
哪些动词后面只能接动名词，下面的顺口溜有助于记忆。
喜欢、考虑不可免（enjoy, consider, escape, avoid）
停止，放弃太冒险（stop, give up , risk）
反对想象莫推延（mine, imagine, delay, put off）
要求完成是期望（require, finish, look forward to.）
建议继续勤练（suggest, go on, practise）
不禁原谅要坚持（can’t help, excuse , insist on）
继续注意使成功（keep on, mind, succeed in）
（4）多个形容词并开修饰一个名词的问题
有两三个形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词。若有多个形容词修饰，可用下面这句话来判断、排列它们的顺序：县官行令杀国材。
其意思是：县（限）代表限定词，包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词，所有格，数字等。
官（观）代表表示观点的描绘性形容词，eg fine beautiful interesting等。
行（形）代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词：eg small tall, high, little, round等。
令代表表示年龄、新旧的形容词：eg old, young等。杀色（近似音）代表表示颜色的形容词：eg white, black等。
国代表国籍、地区、出处的形容词：eg englsih, american, moun tain等。
材代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词，eg wooden, silk, plastic, stone等。
请看下面的例子： a fine old stone bridge;two big round new chinese wooden tables;his large new black foreign car.（5）序数词中的特殊词：
记忆序数词中的特殊词时，可用顺口溜来记：
八去t，九减e, f来把ve替，若是遇上几十几，ie就把y来替。
即：eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth, twentieth, thirtieth...（6）一些动词
的变化
记忆lie 的变化时，可用顺口溜来帮助记忆：
规则的说谎，不规则的躺，躺过就下蛋，下蛋不规则。
即：lie—lied—lied—lying(说谎)lie—lay—lain—lying(躺，位于)lay—laid—laid—laying(产卵，下蛋)2．感官动词和使役动词：
记忆此项动词，可归纳于―五三二一‖，即：
―五看‖—see, watch, notice, observe, look at;―二使‖—let, make, have;―三听‖—hear, listen to;―一觉‖—．―否定转移‖的5个常用词： 我认为（think）猜想（suppose）与想象（imagine）都不可相信（believe），我期待（expect）等着你的回答。eg i don’t think he’ll come ．―同源宾语‖的七个常用词
微笔（smile）着生话（live）歌唱（sing）着战斗（fight）死(die)也像睡觉（sleep）做梦（dream）一样甜蜜。
eg now we’re living a happy life and often dream good ．巧记常用于―主语没有生命胜似有‖之类句子谓语的七个动词：
如果看见(see)或发现(discover)turn(音译：特恩)，一定要找到(find)他，并带（bring）他到这儿给（give）大伙展示（show）一下。
eg tomorrow’ll see the opening of the found a little boy crying in the street.
高中英语语法教案【第五篇】
1 高三语法复习9
ng fast-food restaurants frequently has made him_____ bit of
of
bit
bit exchanged her ski suits ______ billys fashionable
new policy ______ the minds of the british not been impreed by
not impreed itself on
not been impreed itself on
not impreed with farmers earn a large sum of money more than twice _____ rice growers make of
law requires that the location ______ three meet
meet
seemed to have established store of some kind
kind of a chain store
chain store of some kind
me kind of the chain store ic reforms have _____ improved peoples living r
r
far
really appreciate ______ to relax with you on this nice island. have had time
time
have time
having time described ____ the practical joke his colleagues had played on ed
detail
detail
detail 10.____ seems to be strong competition for young people to enter
re 11.--bob has gone to california, i hear.--oh, i wonder when he left
leaving 12.--the problem wasnt difficult for him, was it?
-- should have been given a more difficult , it was
, it was
, it wasnt
, it wasnt 13.--isnt john here yet?
--no, ______ , he is surprising me
to surprise me
to my surprise
my much surprise 14, after several months of training, they were made entirely used _____
underwater. stay
staying
g
was not until the bill was looked through that _____ the money， he pay
he pay
has paid
paid
2 houses are sold at such a low price _____ people
let me repeat his instruction _____ sure that i understand what was
after he went away. make;to be done
;doing
make;doing
;to do -their wages are very small, they will be free _____ income
19.--which do you prefer, chinese food or italian food?
--well, ill have italian food the change
a change
a change
change 20.--youve left the light on.--oh, so i have.______ and turn it go
gone
go
going 21.--what is that building?
--______ the garden equipment is is for
where
is
building is seemed that the young man would rather remain unemployed than ____
a blue-collar
pursue
ng
d 23._____ adding pleasure to a meal, drinking moderate alcohol can promote for
e
s restaurant will provide a diet that _____ control weight and promote health without denying us the pleasure of
year more new cases of aids arise in south africa than _____
in any other country
all other countries
other countries
other country humans moved in groups from ____ place to ____ place in search of
;a
;the
c./;/
;the other farmers, they had to plant crops in time to harvest ____ before lves
28._____ wooden buildings helps protect them from damage due to the weather.- painting
ng
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3 29._____ as 2500 , the egyptians used mirrors made of highly polished early
early
early 30._____ can be seen from the charts, this year they have built more houses than they did last
is a more efficient worker brother does
his brother
his brother
brother has 3 looks as if ______ call the is seriously ill
were seriously ill
had been seriously ill
will be seriously ill looks as though ______ actually he is a worker in a is a student
were a student
has been a student
had been a student 34.--is my car ready?
--is it the one ______ there ?
be painting
painted
been painted
ng found _____ likely that the visitors had been delayed by the
m few minutes earlier and we ______ the caught
caught
have caught
to have caught 37.______ of the planets has an atmosphere around all
every one
one
t everyone were surprised to see there _____ such ____ audience at the ;a large
;many
;much
;a large me, would it bother you ____ i talked to you for just a moment?
r the bomb explosion almost nothing remained _____ the
41.______ , the gray wolf nearly disappeared from the wilds. be trapped and shot
trapped and shot
d and shot
ng and shooting scientists blame the earths sudden and violent changes ____
supernatural
4 of his longest _____ dreams was to find the remains of the wrecked g
held hard truth is that ____ tom ____ his twin brother has yet done enough to get a paing grade for the ;and
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t only;but even for him there _____ , after eight months of travelling，it looked as if the whole adventure would end moment arrived;when
moment arrived;since
d a moment;when
d a moment;since the students expected there _____ more revision before the final
been
be water is so clear that it seems you may without the least difficulty ____
of the fish in the any one
any one
uching anyone
anyone were two _____ from the village, neither of whom was a fireman..
s
students, _____ , are ahead of boy students in learning a foreign anything
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some 50.--bob boasts he is second to none as a dancer.--who does he think ______ is ?
f