高一英语必修五内容知识点总结实用3篇
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高中英语必修五总结1
高中英语必修五单词及语言点总结
单词总结
Unit 5First aid
一。 单词拼写(须用本单元的单词和词汇)
1、 The lung is an o________________and so is the heart.
2、 He tried to kill himself by taking p_________________.
3、 He has gone to the hospital for special t__________________.
4、 I was only m_______________interested in the story I read in the newspaper.
5、 Her ankle s_____________after the fall.
6、 Her foot was very s_________________after the accident.
7、 I can't s______________________toothpaste out of the tube.
8、 What is the typical s______________________of SARS?
9、 Would you like me to_________________your shirt for you?
10、 She is suffring from a lung i___________________.
11、 He(颁发)a silver cup to the winner.
12、 Did you attend your uncle's wedding_____________________(仪式)
13、 He is a_____________________(勇敢的) soldier.
14、 The _______________(压力)of the water can turn this wheel.
15、 We have to write an_________________(文章) about the film we saw yesterday.
16、 You should have your own ____________________ (毛巾)。
17、 Have you worked out your ____________________ (方案)?
18、 I saw an___________________(救护车) passing by.
19、 I'm_____________________(自豪)of my son.
20、 _______________________(祝贺)to you on your success!
21、 An a________________ is a vehicle for taking people to and from hospital.
22、 R_______________is energy, often in waves of heat or light that comes from a particular source.
23、 A b_______________ is a long strip of cloth which is covered around a wounded part of someone's body to protect or support it.
24、 If there is p________________on someone to do something, someone is trying to persuade them to do it.
25、 An o______________is a part of your body that has particular purpose or function, for example your heart.
26、 Fever is a_________________(征兆) of many illnesses.
27、 The bell rang, the naughty boy ______________(挤) his book into his bag and went out of the classroom.
28、 The streets in the centre of the city were___________(塞) up with traffic because of an accident.
29、 The storm did a lot of ______________(毁坏) to the building and crops in Hunan province.
30、 A bee has stung my hand and it is __________________(膨胀) up.
二.短语翻译
1.阻止(某人)做……___________________________
2.触感________________________________
3.挤出;榨出____________________________
4。在适当的位置______________________________
5.反复,多次____________________________
6.开展,执行___________________________________
7.找到___________________________________
8.许多,大量______________________________
9.自豪_________________________________
10.砍掉,砍伐____________________________
三。完成句子
1、 He suddenly__________________________________(昨晚他突然病了)。
2、 Sunglasses can________________________________ the sun' s rays (保护我们的眼睛免受。.。.。.)。
3、 You may ________________________(烫伤) by hot liquids.
4、 These burns are not serious and they should____________-____________
__________________________(一天之内就会好许多)。
5、 First degree burns _____________________when they are pressed(变成白色)。
参考答案 Unit 5.
一。 1. organ2. poison3. treatment4. mildly5. swelled6. swollen
7、 squeeze8. symptom9. iron10. infection11. presented12. ceremory
13、 brave14. pressure15. essay16. towel17. scheme18. ambulance
19、 proud20. Congratulations21. ambulance22. Radiation23. bandage
24、 pressure25. organ26. symptom27. squeezed28. choked29. damage 30. swelling
二。 1. prevent sb from doing sth2. sense of touch3. squeeze out4. in place
5、 over and over again6. carry out7. put one’s hands on8. a number of
9、 be proud of10. cut off
三。 1. fell ill last night2. protect our eyes from3. get burnt
4、 feel better within a day or two5. turn white
Unit 1 Great Scientists
Word usage
1、 attend v1)to take care; give attention
2) to be present at
3) to take care of ; take part in; pay attention to sth; look after
He did not attend the meeting yesterday.
The school was attended almost entirely by local children There was no one to attend him but Tina.
She didn't attend to what I was saying.
2、 expose v1) to make visible to
2) to reveal the guilt or wrong doing of
They consider it almost a crime to expose children to violence and sex on TV.
Their scheme was exposed.
Don't expose the film to light.
Cleaning exposed the grain of wood.
3、 curev. 1)bring a person back to health
n2) curing and being cured
Antibiotics help to cure many diseases that were formerly fatal. Penicillin cured him of pneumonia. You cured me completely.
There's no known cure for a cold.
She tried every means to cure her child of the bad habit
4、 absorb v :1) to occupy the full attention, or time
2) take and suck in, take in heat and light etc.
Cotton gloves absorb sweat. So many good ideas! It's too much for me to absorb all at once. The old man was utterly absorbed in the book. Small businesses are absorbed by big ones. She won't be able to absorb another heavy blow. 5. contribute v 1) join with others in giving help, money etc.
2) have a share in He contributed half of his savings to the relief fund. He didn't contribute one idea to the document He contributed generously to the Red Cross. He never contributes to the discussion The scientist often contributes to an academic journal
6、 exercise authoritative or dominating influence over; direct
hold in restraint; check
She is skillful enough to control the machine now.
The British government at that time controlled the island
You must learn to control your temper. They have no control over him. The helicopter landed with Joe at the controls.
7、 determine reach a decision; resolve
She determined to go that very afternoon
My mom's encouragement determined me to go on with my study
He was determined to win the game The court determined that the man was guilty of drunken driving.
They have determined where the new school will be built. 8. devote v. to give or apply entirely to particular activity, cause or a person He devoted himself to writing. He was still devoted to the study of chemistry He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.
9、 confuse ) to cause to be unable to think clarity or act with intelligence
2) to assemble without order or sense; jumble
They confused me by their conflicting advice
You confused Australia with Austria. His granddaughter confused the papers on his desk. 10. enthusiastic adj. Having or demonstrating enthusiasm David is very enthusiastic about the plan. They are enthusiastic admirers of that movie star. My parents are enthusiastic skiers. 11. valuable adj. 1) worth of a lot of money
2) having great usefulness or value
He bought me a valuable diamond ring as a birthday present This experience is valuable to me. 12. especially adv. 1) to extend or degree deserving of special emphasis
2) particularly, in particular I liked all the children, Tom especially. We need to be especially careful. The book is compiled especially for beginners.
13、 concludev. 1) to bring to an end; close
2) to arrive at but the process of reason We concluded our meeting at 9 o'clock. What can you conclude from these observations? He concluded that he would wait a little longer. The meeting concluded after two hours. 14. replace v. 1) to put back into a former position or place
2) to take or fill the place of She replaced the receiver. The brakes have to be replaced. Electric lights have replaced candles. I will replace the cup I broke. 15. puzzle n. 1) something that baffles or confuses
2) something, such as a toy or game, that tests one’s ingenuity
) to baffle or confuse mentally
What puzzles me is why they didn't show up. He looked a little puzzled. His recent behavior puzzles me. Her decision was a puzzle to him. 16. admire v. to regard with pleasure, wonder, and approval We admire her for her diplomatic tact. He admires your poems very much. He admired her new hat.
17、 appear vi. 1) to become visible
2) to seem or look to be
3) to come before the public Gradually a smile appeared on her face. It appears they are right. He appeared to be talking to himself. The famous singer is appearing this fall at the Music expressions
1、 put forwardto offer( an idea, suggestion etc.) for consideration
He put forward a very good suggestion at the meeting.
You ought to put your watch forward ten minutes.
2、 believe in1) to accept as true or real
2) to have a firm religious faith
3) to have faith or trust in Christians believe in Jesus. We believe in him. Jim believes in fresh air and morning exercises.
3、 in addition adv. As well as
They eat a great deal of fruit in addition.
In addition, the course also produces practical experience. 4. deal with: do with, concern sth He has learnt to deal properly with all kinds of complicated situations. This book deals with an important issue.
I don’t know what they do with the problem=I don’t know how they deal with the problem
5、 make sense 1)to make sth understand or reasonable
2)to have a clear meaning
3)to be a wise course of action This sentence doesn't make sense.
Your story doesn’t make sense to me
Here, read the sentence. It doesn’t seem to make sense.
6、 base on:to use particular information or facts as a point from which to
develop an idea, plan, etc.
This play is based on a true story.
We should base our theory on facts. 7. apart from: without considering; except for He lives apart from his family. Apart from a few faults, he is a trustworthy teacher.
Apart from the the cost, the dress doesn’t suit me. 8. look into : to investigate We will look into this matter together. 9. join in 1) to participate with in an act or activity
2) to become a part or member of
3) to put sth together
Will you join me in a walk?
He jion the army.
Where does the path join the road?
Tie a knot to join those two piece of rope.
over 1) go examine
2) to look at or examine for a purpose
3) to repeat
We went over the building.
We must go over the account s carefully before we settle over the lesson again
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高中英语必修五知识点总结2
1、 scientist science scientific 2. know about 了解
know of 听说过
3、 find/ find out/ discover/ invent 4. explain sth. to sb 5. be characteristic of sb/ sth 6. pass sth from„
从„处传来, 传下
pass by
路过, 经过„
pass down
把„传下去
pass on
传递, 传授 7. the way of doing sth = the way to do
做某事的方法
8、 put forward 提出建议, 推荐某人或者自己任职,提名;时钟往前拨 9. by the way 顺便说
by way of „通过„ 的方法
lose one’s way 迷路
no way 没门,别想
feel one’s way 摸索着走 谨慎从事
on one’s way to„ 在去„„的路上
in this way=by this means=with this method用这种方法 10. put away 抛弃;舍弃
put down 写下来; 记入名单
put on
穿上; 戴上; 增加
put off
耽误; 延期
put out
熄灭(灯); 扑灭 (火)
put up
建立; 建造 put up with„
忍受„
11、 arrive at / come to / draw /
reach a conclusion 12. win / beat /defeat
win “赢得, 获胜”, 后接奖品, 奖金, 名誉, 财产 beat “击败, 战胜”, 后接竞争队伍或者对手, 敌人
defeat “击败,战胜”, 后接竞争队伍或者对手, 敌人, (此用法同beat), 疾病等。
expert at/in sth 某方面的专家 14. attend 注意;照看,照顾;参加
attendance n. 照顾, 出席
attend school
上学
attend a lecture
听讲座
attend a wedding 出席婚礼 15. attend to 处理, 办理 I have some important things to attend to.
照顾, 照料; Are you being attended to ? 先生, 有人接待你吗?
专心, 注意If you don’t attend to the teacher, you’ll never learn anything.
16、 expose A to B 使 A 暴露于B
A be exposed to B
A 暴露于B 17. die (v.)
dead (adj.) death (n.)
deadly adj. 致命的 18. deadly adv.
(1)very 极度; 非常; 十分
deadly serious 十分认真
(2)like death 死一般地
deadly pale 死一般苍白
19、 every time 每当
每次 (连词 连接句子)注意: immediately, the moment, directly,
instantly 等与 every time一样, 都可以 用作连词引导时间状语从句, 意为
“一„。.就”。
20、 absorb„。.into 吸收,理解接受,吞并
be absorbed in „ 被„吸引; 专心于; 全神贯注于某事 21. suggest doing sth 建议做某事
suggest that 建议 should + V
暗示
该使用什么时态用什么 22. severe 严厉的; 苛刻的; 严格的。
剧痛的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 难熬的be severe with/on sth 对„„严格。 23. be to blame 应该受到责备
blame sb for sth 因„„责备某人
blame sth on sb 把 sth 归咎于某人 24. look into 向里看; 调查,了解 25. suspect sth 怀疑某事
suspect sb of doing sth 怀疑某人做某事
suspect that 从句
26、 look on
观看, 面向, 旁观, 看待 look out
面朝, 留神, 照料 look over
从上面看, 察看, 检查 look around
环顾, 观光, 察看
look through
看穿, 审核, 浏览, 温习 look up and down 仔细打量, 到处寻找 look after 寻求, 照顾, 关心 27. at ease 舒适 快活 自由自在
ease off 减轻痛苦,紧张状态, 缓和,放松。 28. connect …with与…相联系,关系(抽象)
connect „„to
与„„相连接 29. come to an end 结束,终结,终止 30. handle n. 柄, 把手
v. A. 操作; 运用
B. 经销; 买卖
C. 管理
D. 对待
E. 应付
F. 控制; 管理
31、 link A to B 把„与„连接; 联系
be linked to
连接
link n. 联系, 关系
29、 announce
announce sth. (to sb.)
announce that + 从句
It is / was announced that + 从句
据宣传
announcement N
make an announcement 下通知 30. instruct
instruction 31. cure sb of sth 治好了某人的病
cure for sth 治疗„„的方法
32、 have sb do sth= get sb to do sth 让某人做某事
have sb doing sth = get sb doing sth让某人一直做某事
have sth done = get sth done 叫别人做某事 33. make money 挣钱
make one’s way to一路前进, 向前
make sure 确保
make friends 交朋友
make the bed 铺床
make room for 为„„腾出空位、空间
make up one’s mind 下决心 决定
make an appointment 约会
make a gossip 闲言碎语
make an apology 道歉
make a contest 竞争
make a choice选择
34、 be strict with sb. in (doing) sth.
35、 prevent/stop/keep…from doing sth
阻止某人做某事
absorbed in 专心致志
determined to do决定做某事
38、 so„ that„
如此„„以至于
39、 die of / from 死于
40、 attend to/take care of/ look after sb of one’s disease/illness 42. put forward 提出
sense
讲得通,有意义
linked to 和„„有联系
exposed to
暴露于
46、 look into 调查,向里看 addition to
另外
(led, led) to
导致,通向
up 开始从事,继续,占据,接纳,吸收
50、 be to blame for 因„„应当受到责备
from/except for/besides/other than/but/except 除„„之外 52. take in 收留, 包括
take on 雇佣,呈现,露出,承担
take over 接任,接管,接收
take off 脱掉衣物,飞机起飞, 成功。
take back 撤销,同意收回,回忆昔日 53. work on 从事;继续工作;致力于„ 54. be enthusiastic about 对某事充满热情 的复合宾语结构 独立复合结构 (1)With + n./pron. + 介词短语
He sat there with a smile on his face. (2) With + n./pron. + 副词
With Mr Smith away, we’ve got more room. (3) With + n./pron. + 不定式
With so much work to do, he could not go home. (4) With + n./pron. + 现在分词
The street was quiet with no buses running. (5) With + n./pron. + 过去分词
In came a man with his hands tied back. (6) With + n./pron. + 形容词
He wrote a shirt, with the neck open, showing his bare chest. cautious about/of sb对„„小心谨慎的 57. base sth on 把„„建立在„„
be based on 基于
58、 can never„„too 再„„也不为过 59. would have done
should have done
needn’t have done
ought to have done 60. only + 介词短语/副词/状语从句 放在句首,要使用部分倒装倒
only then did he realize that he made mistakes. only at home can I have a good sleep. 1 know about 了解
be known as 作„„而出名
be known for 因„„而著名
as far as one knows据某人所知 2 divide „„into 把„„分成 separate…。from consist of 由„„组成 不用被动,进行
= be made up of
consist in 存在于
4、 take the place of = replace 代替
前不倒后
=take sb’s place 代替某人 take place 发生, 举行
in place of =instead of 代替
5、 arrange v. (for连用) 安排, 筹备, 布置
arrangement n.
筹备, 安排
arrange to do sth. 安排做某事, 预定
arrange for
安排, 准备
arrange for sb to do sth 安排某人去做某事 6. fold v.& n.
折叠, 弯曲, 合起来
folder
纸夹
foldaway a. 可折叠的
unfold
打开(反义词)
fold back
折叠起来; 折回去
fold up
失败; 倒闭
7、 clarify one’s stand/ position 阐明某人的立场 clarify matters 澄清真相
8、 puzzle over 苦思
be in a puzzle about 对„„不解
人 puzzled
物 puzzling 9. be in/ come into conflict with 与„冲突/ 矛盾 unwilling to do sth 不愿意做某事 11. break away from 摆脱,脱离„
break down 坏(抛锚, 出故障, 身体跨了)
break into
闯入,
break out
(war/fire/disease) 爆发
break off
中断
break the rules
违反规则
break the records
打破记录 12. to one’s credit 值得赞扬
13、 for one’s convenience = for the convenience of sb 为了方便某人
at one’s convenience
在某人方便的时候
It is convenient to sb. 在sb方便的时候
It is convenient for sb. to do sth sb方便做sth 14. attract sb. 吸引某人
attract one’s attention 吸引某人的注意力 15. work together
合作
work out
算出
work on 从事,继续工作;致力于 around 参观,四处看
17、 It is worthwhile to do sth. 值得做某事
It is worthwhile doing sth
be worthy to be done
be worthy of being done
be worth n/pron /doing book is worth reading. The book is worthy to be read/ of being read.
It is worthwhile to read the book. 18. leave out 遗漏, 漏掉
leave A for B 离开A去B
leave alone 不管; 撇下„一个人
leave aside 搁置
leave behind 遗忘, 遗留
leave+宾语+宾补(adj/v-ing/v-ed ) 使。. 19. sb. be familiar with sth
sth be familar to sb
熟悉某物 20. whisper to sb 悄悄说 21. pick up 捡
22、 make a list of 列„清单 23. delight
n. to one’s delight 使某人高兴的是„ vt. delight sb
adj delighted be ~ ed at sth, be delighted to do sth
物
delighting
1、 impression n (c) give sb. a good impression 给某人以好印象
make/have/leave an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象
impress vt.使…印象深刻 主语impress sb with sth
主语impress sth on sb
给某人留下印象
sb be impressed by sth sth impress sb impressive adj. 印象深刻的
The girl impressed her friends with her beauty. 2. He took up his book and hurried out. 拿起 He took up challenge with courage 接受
He decided to take up photograph as his career 开始从事 I’m going to take this matter up with my lawyer. 着手处理 It takes up too much room.占据(时间或空间) take off 脱下;起飞
take in
接纳, 吸收; 领会, 理解; 欺骗 take on 呈现出;雇佣 take over 接管
take it easy!
别着急 take your time
慢慢来 take advantage of 利用 3. previous to 在„之前
4、 be surrounded by/ with 被„包围
5、 tolerate/ bear/ stand/ put up with 忍受 vt.
tolerance n. tolerant adj 6. lack v. be lacking in/ lack sth.
n. (be)lack of sth. for lack of sth 缺乏 He lacks courage = He is lacking in courage
The plants died for lack of water 7. adjustment n – adjust v. 调整
adjust to 8. press v ~ sb to do sth 强迫某人做某事
~ one’s way to„
挤 n. the press 新闻界
9、 lose sight of/ out of sight „ 看不见
catch sight of / in sight „
看见
at the sight of 一看
(连词作用) 10. sweep up 扫除, 打扫
11、 switch off=turn off
关掉(电灯或电器)
switch on=turn on
打开
switch from A to B? 由A转变为B into 溜进(悄声地) 13. Speed up 加速
at a speed of „
以„速度
14、 the instant
一„ 就„ ( conj作用)
for an instant 一瞬间
15、 be overcome by ( anger,grief) 被(感情)压倒
sb of sth
使某人想起某事
Vt. remind sb to do sth
提醒
remind sb that„
使想起 17. as a result + 结果(句子)
as a result of + 原因(n/ 短语)
由于„
result in 导致
result from 由„引起
His carelessness resulted in failure. As a result of the rain, we can’t go out. 18. suffer from 遭受„患(病) 19. be similar to 与…相似
20、 Keep sb. from doing sth.
阻止
stop/ prevent sb. ( from ) doing sth protect sb. from sth/ doing sth. 保护某人免受„伤害 21. be well-known for/ as
因„而闻名/ 作为„而闻名 22. sth be difficult to do
( hard,easy, important, necessary) 23. follow sb to do sth 跟着某人做某事 24. in no time 立刻
at one time 曾经
in time 及时
at times 有时 on time 按时
at a time一次
at all times 一直
from time to time 不时的
25、 in all directions= in every direction 四面八方
in the direction of „ 在„方向
under the direction of sb
在某人的指导下 26. show sb in/ into 领某人进入
show sb. out / around领某人出去/ 四处看看 show sb. sth. = show sth to sb 向某人展示 show off 炫耀
show up 出现 show sb. the way 指路
show sb what/ how / where to do 教sb … show that从句
sb with sth= provide sth for…提供 fast sleep 熟睡
consider sb to have done认为某人做了某事 31. in space 在空间中
32、 up- to -date 最新的,日益更新的, of sth / sth be disposed of 处理 into 转化成 at 盯着
36、 happen to + n. 发生
happen to do sth. 碰巧做(无进行时)
it happens/ happened that
碰巧
37、 program sb to do sth 安排某人做某事 38. perform tasks/ work 履行职责/ 任务 „。in / be involved in 牵涉 / photo (s) take ~s of sb 给某人照相
3、 submit sth. to sb. 向某人递交(文件)
submit (that) 主张
submit to sb/ sth 屈服于
4、 be eager (for sb.) to do sth
渴望做某事
be eager for / about sth.
be eager that
be anxious for /about sth. 担心, 忧虑
be anxious to do sth
渴望做某事
5、 concentrate (one’s attention, mind, efforts, thoughts) on (doing) sth.全神贯注, 致力于„„
6、 inform sb of/ about sth 通知某人某事
inform sb (that) 7. in the meanwhile/ meantime 与此同时, 在此期间 on 依靠,依赖;取决于
It all depends 视情况而定 9. in that case 如果那 in any case 不管怎样
in no case 绝不, 放句首倒装
in case(of) 以防万一
as is often the case with„对„是常有的事
Take your umbrella in case it rains. sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
charge sb. with sth. 指控
blame sb. for sth. 责备
ask/ cure/ rob / warn /remind sb. of sth. as ( not) to = in order ( not ) to 为了( 不 )做 11. deny doing sth. 拒接做某事
12、 be skeptical about/ of sth. 怀疑某事 13. be in a dilemma 处于进退两难的境地 14. be gifted in sth/ doing sth
have a gift for sth
在某方面有天赋 15. approve of sb/ sth.
赞成,认可
approve sth.
批准
16、 process a film / photos 冲洗胶卷/照片
in (the) process of„ 在„过程中 17. make an appointment with sb. 与某人约会
18、 occupy vt 占有;从事,忙于
occupy oneself in (doing) sth 忙于做某事occupation by ~/ profession 工作是
19、 suppose vt 假设(虚拟语气);认为;料想,推断
suppose you were a journalist.
be supposed to do sth. 本应该做某事
be not supposed to do 表示不允许 20. sb. be offered a job 提供给某人工作
offer sb. sth (sb.) in doing sth.
assist sb in/ with sth. 帮助, 协助(help) 22.表示将来的五种句型
/ shall do
2、 be going to do 3. be doing
4、 be to do 5. be about to do 23. go out on a story 出去做新闻 24. cover vt. (1) 铺, 覆盖;包括, 涉及
He covered the table with a piece of cloth. His research covered a wide field. (2) 占有(时间,面积) The city covers ten square miles. (3) 走完, 走过
They covered 20 miles a day. (4) 看完(多少页书) I have covered 200 pages now.
n.占有;工作;
(5)支付(开支)
The firm barely covers its costs 25. take sth. with sb. 随身带着某物
26、 find+ n. + adj.+ to do sth. 发现做某事很„。 you will find your colleagues very eager to assist you. 27. have a nose for sth. 对„很敏感 探查发现某事物的能力 28. keep sth. in mind = remember 29. meet /miss a deadline
如期 / 超过期限
30、 take notes 做笔记
31、 a trick of the trade 行业诀窍
32、 case, situation, position, condition, stage, point 等抽象地点n.做先行词时,其后的定语从句用where引导, 相当于in which 33. get the wrong end of the stick 得出错误结论 34. This is how the story goes. 这就是事情的发展 35. tell the truth / tell a lie 说实话/ 说谎
36、 look forward to sth./ doing sth. 期盼做某事 37. set to work = settle down to work 开始工作 settle down to sth/ doing sth.
着手做某事 set about doing
set out to do sth
开始做某事 38. pass sth (on)to sb 把„传给某人
pass sth down to sb 把„传给下一代 39. above all 最重要after all 毕竟, 终究
first of all 首先 last of all 最后in all 总计; 40. concentrate on (doing) sth专心做某事
concentrate one’s attention on 把注意力集中于„„上
41、 update a law 修订法律
update sb on sth 向某人提供最新的信息
42、 so as (not) to= in order (not) to (不)为了做„„ 43. be guilty of „ 犯„„最
be guilty for/about sth 对sth感到内疚 44. be in a dilemma 陷入进退两难的困境
put sb into a dilemma 使某人处于进退两难的境地 1. aid( 用法同help)
do/ give/ offer (some )first aid 进行急救 2. fall ill/ sleep/ awake/ silent fall+ adj.
3、 do an injury to sb. = do sb. an injury
伤害某人
an injury to + 身体部位( arm/leg„)
(胳膊/ 手/ 腿)„的伤
get injured/ wounded/ infected 受伤/感染
get+adj. 4. bleed to death 流血致死
bleed-bled-bled 5. be essential for/ to sb.
对某人是必要的
It is essential for sb. to do sth.
做某事是必要的
It is essential that„
(should)+v原形
虚拟语气
essentials 必需品 out 挤出
and over again 反复
place 适当,合适的位置
out of place 不合适 take place 发生
take ons’s place=take the place of sb.=in place of 取代 9. stand on/ without ceremony 拘泥于礼节/ 不拘小节 10. A number of students are sleeping.
The number of sleeping students is 60. 11. put one’s hands on = find
sth to sth. 把某物涂/ 应用到„上
apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请某物
apply to sth 适用于
apply pressure to„
用力摁,压
13、 make a/some/no difference 有一些/没有什么区别 14. save 拯救(life);节约(money)
save up 储蓄
save(on)sth 节约 15. If possible/ necessary如果可能/ 必要的话 16. act as 作为
17、 be / get/ stand close to 靠近
18、 a variety of = varieties of 各种各样的 19. affect sth. 影响
v
be affected by effcct n. have an effect on sth. 对„有影响 20. It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 花费„
sb. spend sometime on sth. /(in) doing sth.
sth. cost sb. sometime / money sb. pay money for sth. 21. jewellery n. 珠宝的总称 (不可数)
jewel n. 珠宝, 首饰 (可数) 22. stick-stuck- stuck 粘;刺
stick to 粘住;坚持
stick A on B 贴上 stick in 刺入,扎入
be stuck / trapped/ caught in 陷入„中
23、 a basin of water 一盆水
24、 knock down 撞到
~ over 撞翻
25、 honor v. 给予表扬(或奖励、头衔、称号)/ n. 荣誉,尊敬
honor sb. (with sth) /(for sth) be honored for„ 因„而受到尊敬 be honored with sth. 给„以示荣誉
be/feel honored to do / that
很荣幸能做„
show honour to „
向„表示敬意 in honor of 纪念( 表示敬意)
26、 present
n. 现在,目前; 礼物
at present = at the present time
adj. 现在的; 出席的,到场的
the ~ situation 当前形势
be ~ at 出席 vt. 赠送; 呈交; 介绍; 陈述
present sb. with sth.= ~ sth. to sb. 交
present sb. to sb.
介绍
27、
躺
lay- lainlied - lying;
lay安放;下蛋 laid- laid- laying; 27. be proud of = take proud in 以„为自豪 is no need/ doubt that…。 29.强调句一 It is(was)+被强调的部分+that/ who+其它”
强调人用who,人/物用that。 1)特征:把“It?be„that„”去掉,剩的还是一个完整的句子
It was evening when we reached the little town It was in the evening that we reached the little town 2)特殊疑问句结构:特殊疑问词+is/was +it that.。.? What is it that you want me to say? 3)It is/was not until.。.that.。.
对“not.。.until.。.”结构的强调,直到„才„
It was not until midnight that he went back home.不用倒装 二 易混句型
1:It be+段时间+ since…“自从„„以来”? 2;It be+点时间+ when 。.。 ”当„„的时候,是„„”
3;It be+段时间+ before 。.。“多久之后才„„”、“不久„„
必修五文言文知识点总结3
必修五文言文知识点复习总结
《鸿门宴》知识点
一、通假字
1、距关,毋内诸侯:距——拒,抵御,抵抗; 内——纳,接纳;
2、张良出,要项伯:要——邀,邀请;
3、臣之不敢倍德:倍——背,背叛;
4、不可不蚤自来谢项王:蚤——早;
5、令将军与臣有郤:郤——隙,隔阂,嫌隙;
6、沛公之参乘樊哙者也:参乘——骖乘:坐在车右担任侍卫的人;
二、词类活用
1、沛公欲王关中:王:名词作动词,称王;
2、范增数目:目:名词作动词,使眼色;
3、道芷阳间行:道:名词作动词,取道;
4、夜驰之沛公军;复夜去:夜:时间名词作状语,连夜;
5、吾得兄事之:兄:名词作状语,向对待兄长一样;
6、常以身翼蔽:翼:名词作状语,像翅膀一样;
7、头发上指:上:时间名词作状语,向上;
8、日夜望将军至:日夜:时间名词作状语,日日夜夜;
9、臣活之:活:使动用法,使„„活;
10、沛公旦日从百余骑:从:使动用法,使„„从;
11、素善留侯张良:善:形容词作动词,与„„交好、友好;
12、秋毫不敢有所近:近:形容词作动词,沾染、接触; 三、一词多义
(一)虚词“为”
1、用作动词 音wéi
表动作:做、作为、充当、变成、成为使子婴为相表观点:认为窃为大王不取也
表判断;是人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉
2、用作介词
表被动;为所/为„„所 音wéi若属皆且为所虏表原因、涉及对象,“给、替;为了;因为”音wèi谁为大王为此计者/慎毋为妇死/天行有常,不为尧存
3、用作助词
句末语气,表疑问或反问 音wéi何辞为?
(二)虚词“因”
1、动词:沿袭、继续蒙故业,因遗策
2、名词:原因、缘由于今无会因(到现在没有相会的机缘了)
3、连词:表顺承,于是,就项王即日因留沛公与饮
表原因,因为,由于鼠,子神也,因爱鼠,不蓄猫犬(鼠,是子神啊,因为喜欢老鼠,所以不蓄养猫狗)
4、介词:
凭借、条件因利趁便,宰割天下,分裂山河趁着、趁机因计沛公于坐/因招沛公出/因言曰因为、由于恩所加则思无因喜以谬赏
(三)虚词“而”
1、表目的:来,用来籍吏民,封府库,而待将军
2、表转折:但,却今人有大功而击之
3、表修饰:(地,着)臣与将军戮力而攻秦/项王按剑而跽曰
4、表递进:并且君子博学而日参省乎己/有怠而欲出者
5、表并列:而且,或不译劳苦而功高如此/夫夷以近,险以远
6、表顺承:然后,接下来拨剑切而啖之
7、表因果:因而积善成德,而神明自得
(四)实词
1、举
举所佩玉玦以示之者三:动词,举起、抬起;后刺史臣荣举臣秀才:动词,举荐,推荐 范进中举:名词,科举考试制度 戍卒叫,函谷举:动词,攻克,占领 今亡亦死,举大计亦死:动词,发动 杀人如不能举:副词,全、尽
2、谢
沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王,谢曰动词,谢罪、道歉 哙拜谢,起,立而饮之动词,感谢 乃令张良留谢动词,辞别 张良入谢,曰“沛公不胜杯杓”动词,道歉 往昔初阳岁,谢家事夫婿动词,辞别 阿母谢媒人动词,推辞 多谢后世人,戒之慎勿忘动词,劝诫
四、重点句式
(一)宾语前置
1、疑问句中,疑问代词作宾语,则宾语前置 1)籍何以至此; 2)沛公安在? 3)大王来何操?
4)客何为者?(常见疑问代词:谁、何、安、奚、孰、胡)
2、否定句中,代词作宾语,则宾语前置
1)然而不王者,未之有也。(之作为动词有的宾语,在否定句中前置)
2)古之人不余欺也。(以前的人没有欺骗我啊;代词余作为动词欺的宾语,在否定句中前置)
3、“是”、“之”“以”作为宾语前置的标志,以强调突出宾语
1)何陋之有?/姜氏何厌之有?(之作为宾语前置的标志)2)无乃尔是过与?/唯命是从(是作为宾语前置的标志)3)秋以为期/全石以为底(以作为宾语前置的标志)
(二)状语后置(介宾短语后置/介词结构后置)
1、贪于财货;
2、沛公左司马曹无伤使人言于项羽曰;
3、具告以事;
4、长于臣;
5、得复见将军于此;
6、因击沛公于坐;
7、樊哙覆其盾于地
8、将军战河北,臣战河南
(三)判断句
1、此天子气也;
2、楚左尹项伯者,项羽季父也;
3、所以遣将守关者,备他盗之出入与非常也;
4、今人有大功而击之,不义也;
5、沛公之参乘樊哙者也;
6、此亡秦之续耳;
7、亚父者,范增也。
(四)省略句
1、旦日飨士卒,为击破沛公军;
2、急击勿失!
3、毋从俱死也;
4、不可不语;
5、请以剑舞。
(五)固定句式
1、孰与:同„„相比,哪一个更;
2、军中无以为乐:无以:没有用来„„的;
3、项王未有以应:有用来„„的;
4、何„„为:表疑问或反诘,干什么,为什么?
《陈情表》知识点
一、通假字
1、夙遭闵凶。闵,通“悯”,所忧愁的事
2、零丁孤苦。零丁,通“伶仃”,孤独的样子
3、臣密今年四十有六有,通“又”,多
二、词类活用
1、非臣陨首所能上报。上:名词作状语,向上。
2、臣不胜犬马怖惧之情。犬马:名词作状语,像犬马。3、外无期功强近之亲。外:名词作状语,在家外。
4、内无应门五尺之僮。内,名词作状语,在家内。
5、则刘病日笃。日:名词作状语,一天天。笃:形容词用作动词,加重。
6、夙遭闵凶。闵凶:形容词用作名词,忧患不幸的事。
7、猥以微贱。微贱:形容词用作名词,卑微低贱的人。
8、臣少多疾病。疾病:名词用作动词,生病。
9、①具以表闻。②拜表以闻闻:使动用法,使……闻,使……知道。三、一词多义(一)虚词“以”
1、用作介词
1)表示动作、行为所用或所凭借的工具、方法。可译为“用”、“拿”、“凭借”、“依据”、“按照”、“用(凭借)„„身份”。
猥以微贱。凭,介词。伏惟圣朝以孝治天下/臣具以表闻。用,拿,介词。汾阳王以副元帅凭借„„身份 2)表示原因,介词。臣以险衅/臣以供养无主因为 但以刘日薄西山/是以区区不敢废远因为 邠宁节度使白孝德以王故,戚不敢言因为
2、用作连词
夫夷以近又、而且,表并列关系 谨拜表以闻来,表目的关系 今不忍人无寇**,以乱天子边事因而,表因果关系 木欣欣以向荣,水涓涓而始流/余与四人拥火以入(地,着),表修饰关系
(二)虚词“之”用作助词。
(1)的,放在定语和中心语之间,表修饰
外无期功强近之亲,内无应门五尺之憧。的,定中之间 臣之辛苦,非独蜀之人士及二州牧伯所见明知。的,定中之间(2)用在主谓结构之间,取消句子的独立性,不译,助词。臣之进退,实为狼狈。可不翻译
(三)文中重点掌握实词
1、当
(1)当侍东宫。任,充当,动词。(2)臣生当陨首,死当结草。一定,副词。
2、命
(1)辞不赴命。任命,名词。
(2)人命危浅。生命、性命,名词。(3)更相为命。生活、生存,名词。
3、终
(1)既无叔伯,终鲜兄弟。与“既”配合,起并列联合作用,相当干“又”,连词。(2)无以终余年。结束,度完,动词。(3)愿乞终养。终了,动词。
(四)表示官职变动的实词
1、除,任命、授职,一般指免去旧职、授予新职。
2、赏,是由皇帝特旨颁布,赐予官职、官衔或爵位。
3、擢,既由选拔而提升。超擢则是越级破格提升的意思。
4、迁,改官。
5、拜,授予官职,任命,多指帝王授臣下官职。
6、徙,改任官职,多指一般的调职。
7、谪,官吏降级,相当于贬。
8、出,指出京受任。
9、去,卸职。《张衡传》:“自去史职,五载复还。”
10、黜,废免,革职免官。《屈原列传》:“屈原既黜,其后秦欲伐齐,齐与楚从亲。”
11、放,放逐。有时也指京官调任外地,如《谭嗣同》“即放宁夏知府,旋升为宁夏道”
12、陟,升迁,指官吏的提升和进用。如诸葛亮《出师表》:“宫中府中,俱为一体,陟罚臧否,不宜异同。”
13、夺,罢官免职。如《书博鸡者事》“使者遂逮守,胁服夺其官”。
14、罢,革除官职。《书博鸡者事》“又投间蔑污使君,使罢。”
15、复,恢复旧职。《书博鸡者事》中“为复守官而黜臧使者”
四、重点句式
(一)固定句式
1、既无叔伯,终鲜兄弟。“既„„终„„”,是连词“既”和连词“终”的搭配,表示不止一个方面,可译作“既„„又„„”,或“既„„也”。
2、有所希冀。“有所„„”,与“无所„„”是相对的格式。意思是“有„„的人(的东西、的事情)”。“所”字后面一定是动词。“所”与后面的动词组成名词性的“所”字结构,充当“有”的宾语。
3、臣无祖母,无以至今日;祖母元臣,无以终余年。“无以”,是动词“无”与介词“以”的结合,又写作“亡以”,表示“没有办法”,“没有什么用来”。
4、是以区区不敢废远。“是以”,连词性的介宾词组,即“以是”的倒装,表示结果或结论,用在分句或句子的开头(有时置于主语后),上承说明原因的分句或句子,可译为“因此”“所以”。
5、臣之辛苦,非独蜀之人士及二州牧伯所见明知,皇天后土实所共鉴。“非独”,连词,表示除所说的意思之外,还有更进一层的意思,用在复句的上一分句里,可译为“不单”“不仅”“不只”之类。
(二)被动句
1、而刘夙婴疾病。婴,被……缠着。
2、戍卒叫,函谷举函谷关被攻克
2、若属皆且为所虏“为所”表示被动
3、吾属今为之虏矣“为”表示被动
4、身死人手,为天下笑者“为”表示被动
5、不拘于时/受制于人“于”表示被动
6、秦城恐不可得,徒见欺/见笑于大方之家“见”表示被动
《段太尉轶事状》知识点
一、通假字
1、不嗛,辄奋击。嗛(qiè),通“慊”,满足,快意。2.椎釜鬲瓮盎盈道上。椎,通“槌”,打,砸。3.太尉判状,辞甚巽。巽,通“逊”,谦恭。4.出入岐周邠斄间。斄,通“邰”,今陕西武功
二、词类活用
1、以刃刺酒翁、坏酿器。坏:使动用法,使„„坏。2.晞一营大噪,尽甲。甲:名词作动词,穿上铠甲。3.乃我困汝。困:使动用法,使„„处于困境险地。4.遇不可,必达其志。达:使动用法,使„„表达出来。5.裂裳衣疮。衣:名词作动词,用衣裳缠裹。6.手注善药手:名词作状语,亲手 7.奈何欲以乱败郭氏。败:使动用法,使„„败坏。三、一词多义
(一)虚词“且”
1、作为连词
臣死且不避,卮酒安足辞?尚且、还,表让步命如南山石,四体康且直/太尉笑且入并且,表并列关系且勇者不必死节况且
2、作为副词
且为之奈何?将,罪且及副元帅/人且饥死/火且尽将要年且九十将近
誓不相隔卿,且暂还家去/故且从俗浮沉暂且,姑且
3、固定用法
且夫:放在句首,表示下文是进一步议论
且夫天下非小弱也,雍州之地,崤函之固,自若也。况且,再说且夫天地之间,物各有主况且,再说
(二)虚词“则”
1、用作连词
1)表因果关系,“就、便、那么”
夫夷以近,则游者众,险以远,则至者少一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭。省略谓语“鼓”
4、具以表闻(之)/拜表以闻(之)省略动词“闻“的宾语,这两处都指“皇上”
5、私见张良,具告(之)以事省略动词“告”的宾语
6、农以(之)告谌/吏以告泚省略介词“以”的宾语
7、以(之)如司农治事堂省略介词“以”的宾语
8、然力足以至焉,(而未至),于人为可讥省略分句“而未至”
《游褒禅山记》知识点
一、通假字
1、长乐王回深父。父,通“甫”,古代对男子的美称。
二、词类活用
1、始舍于其址。舍:名词活用为动词,筑舍定居。率以货船窜名军中,则肆志 然则郭氏功名其与存者几何?2)表假设关系,“如果、假若” 今则来,沛公恐不得有此3)用在对比句中
入则无法家拂士,出则无敌国外患者,国恒亡4)表转折关系,“可是、却、倒是” 于其身也,则耻师焉,惑矣
2、用作副词1)表示判断,“乃、是、就是”此则岳阳楼之大观也2)“立即”秦二世则亡
3、作名词,“法则,准则”,可引申作动词,“效法”
(三)实词“诚”
1、用作名词
帝感其诚,命夸娥氏二子负二山诚:名词,真心真意
2、用作副词
此诚危急存亡之秋也诚:副词,肯定、确实、确然
3、用作连词
公诚以都虞侯命某者诚:连词,表假设,果真
(四)实词“固”
1、夫颛臾,固而近于费固:形容词,城墙坚固
2、固国不以山溪之险固:动词,巩固,安定
3、独夫之心,日益骄固固:形容词,固执,顽固
4、蔺相如固止之固:形容词,坚决,坚持
5、人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛固:副词,本来,原来,固然
(五)实词“适”
1、余自临安舟行适临汝适:动词,到„„去
2、贫贱有此女,始适还家门适:动词,女子出嫁
3、少无适俗韵,性本爱丘山适:动词,适合,适应
4、从上观之适与地平(从上面看恰好与地面相平)适:副词,恰好
5、适得府君书,明日来迎汝适:副词,刚刚,刚才
四、重点句式
(一)宾语前置
1、欲谁归罪:疑问句中,疑问代词“谁”作为动词“归罪”的宾语,故前置
2、汝将何以视天地疑问句中,疑问代词“何”作为介词“以”的宾语,故前置
(二)省略句
1、欲苟顺私情,则告诉(上官),(上官)不许。省略“告诉“的宾语、“不许”的主语
2、(公)度我至军中,公乃入省略主语“公”
3、前太守臣逵察臣(为)孝廉,后刺史臣荣举臣(为)秀才。省略“臣”的谓语拜臣(为)郎中/除臣(为)洗马。省略“臣”的谓语
2、名之曰褒禅。
3、距其院东五里
4、有泉侧出。
4、问其深,则其好游者不能穷也。
6、好游者亦不能穷也。
7、而其见愈奇。
8、盖其又深,则其至又加少矣。
9、火尚足以明也。
10、不得极夫游之乐也。
11、而世之奇伟、瑰怪、非常之观,常在于险远。
12、世之谬其传而莫能名者,何可胜道也哉。谬:形容词的使动用法,弄错,使„„错。传:动词作名词,流传的文字。名:名词作动词,说明白。三、一词多义(扩展)
(一)虚词“乃”
1、以其乃华山之阳名之也
2、君子不齿,今其智乃反不能及,何也
3、良乃人,具告沛公
4、于是为长安君约车百乘,质于齐,兵乃出
5、乃二十八骑
6、家祭无忘告乃翁
7、乃文乃武
(二)实词“道”
1、有碑仆道
2、师者,所以传道受业解惑也
3、于是废先王之道,焚百家之言,以愚黔首
4、何可胜道也哉
5、策之不以其道
(三)实词“盖”
1、日初出大如车盖
2、盖失强援,不能独完
3、况刘豫州王室之胄,英才盖世
4、盖其又深,则其至又加少矣
(四)实词“文”
1、独其为文犹可识,曰“花山”
2、不以木为之者,文理有疏密
3、属予作文以记之
4、文过饰非
(五)实词“然”
1、至于颠覆,理固宜然3
名:名词活用为动词,命名,称呼。东:方位名词作动词,往东走 侧:名词作状语,在一侧。深:形容词用作名词,深度。穷:形容词活用为动词。穷尽,走到头。见:动词作名词,见到的景象。至:动词用作名词,到达的人。明:形容词用作动词,照明。极:形容词作动词,尽情享受。
险远:形容词用作名词,险远的地方。副词,表示判断,可译为“是”“就是”副词,竟,竟然,居然副词,于是副词,才
副词,只,仅仅
第二人称代词,你,你的语气词名词,路、道路名词,道理
名词,学说、主张动词,说、讲名词,方法名词,车盖
连词,承接上文,表示原因,“因为”“是因为“是由于” 动词,超过,胜过
助词,有“大概”的意思名词,文字名词,纹理名词,文章动词,掩饰代词,如此,这样
2、吴广以为然形容词,对、正确
3、有穴窈然形容词词尾,“„„的样子”
4、然视其左右,来而记之者已少连词,表转折,但、但是
(六)虚词“其”
1、用作代词,可以作第一、二、三人称代词;可以作指示代词(这,那); 以其乃华山之阳名之也。第三人称代词,它 故以为其爱不若燕后第二人称代词,你而余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也/独善其身第一人称代词,自己
则或咎其欲出者。指示代词,指代“欲出者”,译作“那” 则其好游者不能穷也。指示代词,指代“好游者”,译作“那些” 有蒋氏者,专其利三世矣。指示代词,译作“这”《郑伯克段于鄢》知识点
一、通假字
1、佗邑唯命。佗,通“他”,指示代词,别的,另外的。
2、谓之京城大叔。大,通“太”。
3、大都不过参国之一。参,通“三”。
4、姜氏欲之,焉辟害。辟,通“避”。
5、无庸,将自及。庸,通“用”。
6、遂寘姜氏于城颖。寘,通“置”,安置,这里是“放逐”的意思。
7、若阙地及泉。阙,通“掘”,挖。
8、永锡尔类。锡,通“赐”。
9、命子封帅车二百乘以伐京帅,通“率”。有二僧,其一贫,其一富指示代词,译作“其中的”
2、用作副词
1)加强祈使语气,表示劝勉、希望攻之不克,围之不继,吾其还也。(我们还是回去吧)尔其无忘乃父之志汝其勿悲
2)加强揣测语气,相当于“恐怕、或许、大概、可能”。圣人之所以为圣,愚人之所以为愚,其皆出于此乎?其是之谓乎!
3)加强反问语气,相当于“难道”、“怎么”。
尽吾志也而不能至者,可以无悔矣,其孰能讥之乎?其可怪也欤?
3、用作连词1)表选择,“是„„还是„„”其真无马邪?其真不知马也?2)表假设,“如果,假如”其业有不精„心不若余之专耳
4、用作助词,调节音节,无义路漫漫其修远兮
5、固定用法“何其”,译作“多么”
至于誓天断发,泣下沾襟,何其衰也!(多么衰落啊!)
四、重点句式
(一)固定句式
1、其孰能讥之乎?(难道„„吗?)
2、何可胜道也哉!(哪里„„呢!)
3、此所以学者不可以不深思而慎取之也。(这就是„„的缘故。)
(二)状语后置
文言文中介词结构往往放在动词后面,表示地点,时间,比较等意义。如:
1、古人之观于天地、山川„„“于天地„„”作状语修饰限定动词“观”,“对天地„„”
2、唐浮图慧褒始舍于其址“于其址”作状语修饰限定动词“舍”,“在„„”
3、请辞于军“于军”作状语限定动词“辞”的对象,“向军队”
4、州司临门,急于星火。“于星火”表示“比星火„„”
5、青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。划线“于蓝”表示“比蓝„„”表比较
6、皆断头注槊上,植(于)市门外“(于)市门外”表示“在市门外„„”
7、具告以事“以事”表示“把事情„„”
8、生乎吾前“在我之前出生”
(三)定语后置
文言文中有很多句子将定语放在中心语之后。如:
蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强/仰观宇宙之大“利”“强”作为中心语“爪牙”“筋骨”的定语,后置。求人可使报秦者。(想找个可以出使去回复秦国的人)“可使报秦”作为中心语“人”的定语,后置。人马烧溺死者众“烧溺死”作为中心语“人马”的定语,后置。我持白璧一双,欲献项王;玉斗一双/军书十二卷数量词“一双”作为“白璧”的定语,后置。
二、词类活用
1、惊姜氏。
2、今京不度,非制也。
3、无生民心。
4、有献于公。
5、公赐之食。
6、隧而相见。
7、大叔完聚
8、夫人将启之
三、重点句式
(一)倒装句
1、宾语前置
姜氏何厌之有?颍考叔曰:“敢问何谓也?”对曰:“君何患焉?”其是之谓乎!
2、状语后置
欲立之,亟请于武公郑伯克段于鄢
(二)判断句
制,巌邑也。颍考叔为颍谷封人。
一、通假字
1、古者富贵而名摩灭。
2、大底圣贤发愤之所为作也。
3、思垂空文以自见。
4、放失旧闻。
5、稽其成败兴坏之纪。
6、则仆偿前辱之责。
二、词类活用
1、请略陈固陋
2、以污辱先人
3、古者富贵而名摩灭
4、孙子膑脚
5、综其终始4
惊,使动用法,使„„受惊。度,名词作动词,合法度。生,使动用法,使„„产生。献,动词作名词,进献的东西 食,动词作名词,吃的东西。隧,名词作动词,挖隧道。
完,使动用法,使„„完好、完整 启,为动用法,为„„开启 “之”作为宾语前置的标志,即“有何厌” 疑问代词“何”作为动词“谓”的宾语,前置 疑问代词“何”作为动词“患”的宾语,前置 “之”作为宾语前置的标志,即“其谓是乎” “于武公”为后置状语 “于鄢”为后置状语 蔓,难图也。
颍考叔,纯孝也。《报任安书》知识点
摩,通“磨”。底,通“抵”。见,通“现”。失,通“佚”。纪,通“记”。责,通“债”。固陋:形容词活用为名词,固陋的意见 辱:形容词作使动用法,使„„受辱 富贵:形容词活用为名词,富贵显达的人 膑脚:名词活用为动词,(被)截去膝盖骨 终始:动词活用为名次,由始至终的过程三、一词多义
(一)重点实词
重点掌握望、非、盖、胜、走,请参看《导学大课堂》113页
(二)虚词“焉”
1、用作兼词。
1)相当于“于之”、“于此”、“于彼”。三人行,必有我师焉(在其中)。(《论语》)积土成山,风雨兴焉(从这里)。(《劝学》)
2)相当于“于何”。译为“在哪里”“从哪里”等。且焉置土石?(《愚公移山》)
2、用作代词
1)相当于“之”犹且从师而问焉。(《师说》)心不在焉
2)疑问代词,哪里、怎么。
未知生,焉知死(《论语》)割鸡焉用牛刀(《论语》)
3、语气词
1)句末语气词,了、啊、呢怯夫慕义,何处不勉焉
2)作句中语气词,表示停顿,相当于“也”。
句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或否焉,小学而大遗 少焉,月出于东山之上,徘徊于斗牛之间
3)作词尾,相当于“然”,译为“„„的样子”“„„地”。盘盘焉,囷囷焉,蜂房水涡,矗不知乎几千万落
(三)虚词“所”
1、用作名词,处所,地方。
某所,而母立于兹。(《项脊轩志》)
2、用作助词
1)放在动词前同动词组成“所”字结构,即为名词性意义,表示“所„„的人”、“所„„的事物”、“所„„的情况”等。《诗》三百篇,大底圣贤发愤之所为作也
道之所存,师之所存也
过蒙拔擢,宠命优渥,岂敢盘桓,有所希冀
3、固定用法
1)为„„所:“为”和“所”呼应,组成“为„„所„„”的格式,表示被动。仆以口语遇遭此祸,重为乡党所笑,以污辱先人(《报任安书》)2)所以:
①表示行为所凭借的方式、方法或依据,相当于“用来„„的方法” “是用来„„的”"等。师者,所以传道受业解惑也。(《师说》)②表示原因。相当于“„„的原因(缘故)”。所以遣将守关者,备他盗之出入与非常也。所以隐忍苟活,幽于粪土之中而不辞者
(四)固定句式
1、教以慎于接物,推贤进士为务以„„为:把„„当作„„
2、是以就极刑而无愠色是以:因此
3、宁得自引深藏于岩穴邪?宁得:怎么能„„
4、无乃与仆私心剌谬乎?无乃:恐怕„„
四、重点句式
(一)倒装句
鄙陋没世而文采不表于后世也“于后世”作状语后置
(二)被动句
1、至激于义理者不然“于”表被动
2、幽于粪土之中而不辞者“幽”表被动,被幽禁
3、盖文王拘而演《周易》“拘”表被动,被拘禁
4、屈原放逐,乃赋《离骚》“放逐”表被动,被放逐
5、孙子膑脚,《兵法》修列“膑脚”表被动,被施与膑刑
6、韩非囚秦,《说难》、《孤愤》“囚”表被动,被囚禁
7、仆以口语遇遭此祸,重为乡党所笑“为„„所”表被动
附:文言文学习知识体系梗概
一、通假字
二、古今异义(见《导学大课堂》)
三、一词多义(18个重点虚词,120个重点实词)
四、偏义复词
五、词类活用名词活用(名词活用为动词、状语,名词使动用法、意动用法)2 动词活用(动词活用为名词、动词使动用法、动词意动用法)
3形容词活用(形容词活用为名词、形容词活用为动词、形容词使动用法、形容词意动用法)★使动用法:指谓语动词具有“使宾语怎么样”的意思。项伯杀人,臣活之 ★意动用法:指谓语动词具有“认为(或以为)宾语怎么样的意思。侣鱼虾而友麋鹿
六、文言句法
(一)、判断句
判断句,就是以名词、代词或名词性短语为谓语对主语进行判断的句式。文言文判断句最显著的特点就是基本上不用判断词“是”来表示。常见判断句式主要有以下几种表示法:
1、“„„者,„„也。” 例如:陈涉者,阳城人也。
2、“„„,„„也”例如:段公,仁信大人也。
3、“„„者,„„。” 例如:四人者,庐陵萧君圭君玉,长乐王回深父,余弟安国平父,安上纯父。
4、“„„者也。”例如:城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。
5、无标志判断句,通过句意直接表示判断。例如:刘备天下枭雄。(赤壁之战)
6、在文言文中有时为了加强判断的语气,往往在动词谓语前加副词“乃、必、亦、即、诚、皆、则”等表判断。
例如:当立者乃公子扶苏。此则岳阳楼之大观也。此诚危急存亡之秋也。
7、用动词“为”“是”表判断。“是”在先秦古汉语中少做判断词,在汉以后做判断词则多起来,要注意和用作代词的“是”的区别。
例如:问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。(是表示判断)如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉,何辞为?(为表示判断)颍考叔为颍谷封人。(为表示判断)
(二)、省略句
省略句:将句子中某些成分省略,最常见的省略句如下:
1、省略代词
例如:项伯乃夜驰之沛公军,私见张良,具告(之)以事
2、省略介词,文言文中常常省略介词“于”,还有介词“以”等。例如:以(之)如司农治事堂,栖之(于)梁木上
(三)、被动句
被动句:文言文中,有些语句的主语是动作的承受者,这种句式就是被动句。常见被动句有两大类,一种是有标志的被动句,即借助一些被动词来表示;一种是无标志的被动句,往往需要结合文意来判断。
1、有标志的被动句
“为”字式:„„为„„;为„„所„„;„„为所„„ “于”字式:„„于„„
“见”字式:„„见„„;„„见„„于„„ “受”字式:受„„于„„
例如:吾不能举全吴之地,十万之众,受制于人。“被”字式:„„被„„; 例如:予犹记周公之被逮。《五人墓碑记》
2、无标志的被动句往往用动词直接表示被动意思,结合文意判定。例如:而刘夙婴疾病,常在床蓐被„„缠绕
(四)倒装句
文言文中的倒装句是相对于现代汉语的语序而言的。文言文中的倒装句式一般可分为宾语前置句、状语后置句、定语后置句等。
1、宾语前置句(如《鸿门宴》所示)
2、状语后置句(如《游褒禅山记》所示)
3、定语后置句(如《游褒禅山记》所示)
4、现代汉语正常单句语序:
(定)主+[状]谓+(定)宾,若文言文语句不合现代汉语语序,皆视为倒装。
(五)固定句式(从略)