简述生物化学的学习心得精编4篇

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生物化学学习心得和体会1

很多人认为考研中生物化学很难记忆的，不过这门课又非靠记忆不行。

我的经验是首先了解生物化学这门课的整体框架，看目录就行，知道大致讲了那些内容，如糖代谢脂肪代谢等等。做到心中有数。

然后分单元看时，需要不时回忆一下，我现在所学习的内容是属于那个大章节的，同时你又可以想象一下这个大章中我已经复习了那些，到这个章节结束时，你再回忆一下所有的内容，并拎一下重点。在不看书的情况下，你能想起多少，能想起的也就是你的收获，想不起来的，翻书补充一下。

这样一步一步看下来，第一遍看会很累的，因为进度很慢，不时地要回过去，不时地要复习以前记的一个个循环。但是如果这第一步你挺过来了，接下来的就是温故而已，会很轻松，心情也很放松，因为你看到一道题，一般你都能找到它的家。然后稍微回忆一下就能答题了。

当然到最后临考时，你也并非能记得全部，但是你要想想你不记得的地方也不一定考到啊，所以就不必过于担心啦。可以胸有成竹地上考场。

其实每次在考生物和化学这两门课的时候，都会很紧张，也许是知识点不扎实，自己的底气不足。要加倍努力补充自己的知识点了。

生物化学英语词汇2

active center.

活性中心

a specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.

adenylyl cyclase.

腺苷酸环化酶

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic amp from atp in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.

alanine-glucose cycle.

丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环

a cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.

albumin.

清蛋白

albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.

allosteric enzyme.

变构酶

allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of allosteric effectors at an allosteric site. allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an effect on enzymes.

allosteric regulation.

变构调节

a type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.

aminoacyl-trna synthetase.

氨基酰trna合成酶

the enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific trna.

anticodon.

反密码子

the template-recognition site on trna is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mrna.

apoprotein.

载脂蛋白

the protein moiety of a lipoprotein. they mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.

apoptosis.

细胞凋亡

programmed cell death. the programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. one or more endonucleases degrade dna, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete dna fragment on electrophoresis.

bile salts.

胆汁酸盐

salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the ph is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”

biotin.

生物素

a cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. most enzymes that catalyze the atp-dependent addition of co2 to a substrate (like acetyl-coa carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.

calcitonin.

降钙素

a 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. the dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. the hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of pth-mediated calcium resorption.

calcium-binding protein.

钙结合蛋白

1,25(oh)2-d3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mrna that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “calbindin”。 three distinct vitamin d-induced “calbindin” have been isolated. two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.

calmodulin.

钙调蛋白

a ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. the binding of ca2+ to multiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.

camp.

环化腺苷一磷酸

second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. camp activates camp-dependent protein kinase. increased camp levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. increases in the camp concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.

camp-dependent protein kinase，pka.

依赖camp的蛋白激酶

most effects of cyclic amp in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. this key enzyme is called protein kinase a or camp-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.

capping.

帽子生成

putting a 7-methylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mrna molecule. capping is involved in the recognition of mrna and may increase the stability of the rna by preventing the attack of 5’exonucleases.

carnitine shuttle.

肉碱穿梭

gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. fatty acyl-coa in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to make fatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to coa and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.

catabolic pathway.

分解代谢途径

degradative metabolism. catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.

catabolic repression.

分解代谢阻遏

catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.

catabolite gene activator protein, cap.

分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白

a camp-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. it consists of two subunits, each of which contains a dna-binding domain and a camp binding domain.

cdna library.

cdna文库

a library is a collection of recombinant clones. cdna library represents the population of mrna in a tissue. see also cdna.

cdna.

互补dna

complementary dna. cdna copies from a population of cytoplasmic mrna using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cdna single strands to double-stranded dna. the reverse transcriptase copies rna templates into dna-rna hybrids. after the rna in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded dna may be produced by dna polymerase. cdna is a copy of an mrna so that it contains only the exon sequences.

cis-acting element.

顺式作用元件

this word described the regulatory interactions between two dna sequences on the same gene. an enhancer or repressor sequence in the dna is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.

cistron.

顺反子

a stretch of dna that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.

clone.

克隆

group of cells or sequences of dna that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.

coding strand.

编码链

the coding strand of dna has the same sequence as that of the rna transcript except for t in place of u. it is so-called because it matches the rna transcript that encodes the protein. the coding strand is also known as the sense strand.

codon.

密码子

each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mrna sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.

coenzyme.

辅酶

a molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. the coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groups that are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.

competitive inhibition.

竞争性抑制

substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and result in raising the apparent km for the substrate.. in competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.

configuration.

构型

the stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.

conformation.

构象

differences in rotation around bonds. the conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.

conjugated bilirubin.

结合胆红素

adding glucuronic  acid molecules to bilirubin. hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a  water-soluble form.

cosmid vector.

柯斯质粒载体

a special class of artificially constructed plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.

creatine kinase.

肌酸激酶

kinases incorporate phosphate from atp into the substrate. creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.

de novo synthesis.

从头合成

biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.

degenerate.

简并

more than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.

denaturation.

变性

destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, dna, or rna molecule.

dna damage.

dna损伤

dna damage is that changes in the dna sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens，which alters one or more nucleotides in dna.

dna polymerase.

dna聚合酶

the principal synthetic enzyme, dna polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing addition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phosphates to the primer 3’ends. synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

dna replication.

dna复制

generation of a new copy of double-stranded dna from a parental dna molecule.

domain.

结构域

some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. these compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s structures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.

effector.

效应剂

a class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. the binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.

enhancer.

增强子

the sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. enhancers have no promoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.

enterohepatic circulation.

肠肝循环

the primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. the secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.

epidermal growth factor (egf) .

表皮生长因子

epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells.  also see  “growth factor”。

essential amino acid.

必需氨基酸

the amino acids that humans can not synthesize. the human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.

exon.

外显子

regions that are retained in the mature rna.

fad.

黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸

flavin adenine dinucleotide.  fad is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions.

fat.

脂肪

mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. the adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. the fatty acids are then transported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.

feedback inhibition .

反馈抑制

feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.

ferritin.

铁蛋白

intracellular form of iron storage. it stores iron that can be used as condition requires.

fh4.

四氢叶酸

tetrahydrofolate. a reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.

gene.

基因

a stretch of dna that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron.  also see cistron.

genome.

基因组

total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.

genomic dna library.

基因组dna文库

fragments of dna from the genome of some organism. they are prepared from the total dna of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total dna with a restriction enzyme that cuts dna frequently. it contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in dna.

glucogenic amino acid.

生糖氨基酸

the amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.

gluconeogenesis.

糖异生

making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. the term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.

glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle.

a-磷酸甘油穿梭

get electron from cytoplasmic nadh into the mitochondria so that 2 atps can be made by oxidation of the nadh. the enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chain via a flavoprotein.

glycolysis.

酵解

metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. in the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate nad+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.

gout.

痛风

it is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt),  it is not sole cause of the disease.

growth factor.

生长因子

small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. the factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. examples of secreted cytokines are egf (epidermal growth factor), pdgf (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.

guide rna.

指导rna

guide rna is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mrna.

hairpin structure.

发夹结构

a double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of dna or rna.

helicase.

解链酶

an enzyme whose activity involved in dna replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the dna double helix during replication.

heme.

血红素

a cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome p450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site.

hemoglobin.

血红蛋白

hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. the quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.

hexokinase.

己糖激酶

responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.

hnrna.

不均一核内rna

heterogeneous nuclear rna. they are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mrna, which has both the intron and exon sequences.

hormone response element, hre.

激素反应元件

a specific dna sequences capable of binding activated receptors.  these elements regulate the gene expression. both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through hres, but the initial reactions are different.

housekeeping gene.

管家基因

the genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.

induction.

诱导

synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. for example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.

intron.

内含子

the mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. the primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mrna. regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.

isoelectric point.

等电点

the ph at which a molecule has a net zero charge.

isomerase.

异构酶

an enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.

isozyme.

同工酶

distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.

jaundice.

黄疸

when bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues, which then became yellow. the condition is called jaundice.

ketogenic amino acid.

生酮氨基酸

an amino acid that yie《》lds only acetyl-coa. they can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.

ketone bodies.

酮体

acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. at high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. the former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone.  ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.

km.

米氏常数

if an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.

ligase.

连接酶

a ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of dna covalently. dna ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.

lipids.

脂类

lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth.  it is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.

malate-aspartate shuttle.

苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭

gets electrons from cytoplasmic nadh into the mitochondria so that 3 atps can be produced by oxidation of the nadh.

mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( mapk).

有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶

mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.

messenger rna (mrna).

信使rna

the rna in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. the primary rna transcript is processed to mrna by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.

nad+-nadh.

辅酶i

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. nadh is an electron carrier. nad+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three atps and h2o.

nicotinic acid.

尼克酸

a vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of nad+ and nadp+. dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan.

non-competitive inhibition.

非竞争性抑制

in non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal km.

nucleosides.

核苷

a nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose.

nucleotides.

核苷酸

a nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.

okazaki fragment.

冈崎片段

the short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by dna ligase, are called okazaki fragment after their discoverer.

oncogene.

癌基因

oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.

operator.

操纵序列

the operator is a dna segment adjacent to the structural genes. the binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.

operon.

操纵子

a collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the dna. this arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed for a common job. it should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.

osteomalacia.

软骨病

osteomalacia is caused by vitamin d deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.

oxidation.

氧化

when something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. with removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. so oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.

oxidative phosphorylation.

氧化磷酸化

the process in which atp is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from nadh or fadh2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.

parathyroid hormone (pth) .

甲状旁腺素

parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. the biological actions of pth are related to regulate calcium metabolism.

pentose phosphate pathway.

磷酸戊糖途径

an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. the pathway generates both nadph for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.

peptide bond.

肽键

the bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.

phospholipase c.

磷脂酶c

the activation of the phospholipase c is mediated by g protein.  the active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase c. inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.

plasmid.

质粒

independently replicating circular pieces of dna whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.

platelet-derived growth factor.

血小板源生长因子

platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells.  also see “growth factor”。

point mutation.

点突变

it is cause by a single base change of dna gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger rna, a structural abnormality of gene expression.

polycistronic mrna.

多顺反子mrna

a single mrna that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mrna, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.

polypeptide chain.

多肽链

many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, n-terminal and c-terminal respectively.

polyribosome.

多核糖体

an mrna molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. many ribosomes can translate the same mrna simultaneously.

primary transcript.

初级转录本

primary transcript is the original unmodified rna product corresponding to a transcription unit.

primase.

引物酶

primase catalyzes polymerization of ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form rna primers. the sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of dna and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.

promoter.

启动子

promoter is a region of dna involved in binding of rna polymerase to initiate transcription.

prosthetic group.

辅基

many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. such a unit is called a prosthetic group.

protease.

蛋白酶

an enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.

proto-oncogene.

原癌基因

normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. these genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. the conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.

pyridoxal phosphate.

磷酸吡多醛

all transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. the important functional groups of the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination.

rate-limiting enzyme.

限速酶

enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.

receptor.

受体

all of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.

recombinant dna.

重组dna

information exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal dna. recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.

reduction.

还原

chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. nad+ is reduced to nadh. it follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.

replication.

复制

generation of a new copy of double-stranded dna from a parental dna molecule.

residue.

残基

in a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.

respiratory chain.

呼吸链

exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. the respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.

restriction endonuclease.

限制性内切核酸酶

the classes of endonucleases cut dna at specific dna sequences within the molecule.

reverse transcriptase.

反转录酶

an rna-directed dna polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making dna complementary to an rna.

reverse transcription.

反转录

rna-directed synthesis of dna, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.

ribosomes.

核糖体

complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. translation of mrna occurs on it.

ribozyme.

核酶

a class of rnas that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. these catalytic rnas catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in rnas and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mrna.

rickets.

佝偻病

vitamin d deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.

rna editing.

rna 编辑

the information content of some mrna is altered following transcription by process other than rna splicing.

rna polymerase.

rna聚合酶

rna polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes rna using a dna template.

rrna.

核蛋白体rrna

ribosomal rna.  structural components of ribosomes. there are several discrete size classes of rrna, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5s, , 18s, and28s in eucaryotic cells.

s-adenosyl methionine, sam.

s腺苷蛋氨酸

sam is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-thf and homocysteine by a vitamin b12-dependent reaction.

salting out.

盐析

the solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”。 it can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.

salvage pathway.

补救合成途径

the pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with prpp and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using nadph as the reducing agent.

semiconservative replication.

半保留复制

dna replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, , one of the strands of each daughter dna molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent dna molecule.

sigma factor.

σ因子

sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial rna polymerase needed for initiation. it is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).

signal transduction.

信号转导

the process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response.  for example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.

snrna.

小核rna

small nuclear rna. they have roles in rna processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.

splicing.

剪接

splicing describes the removal of introns and joining of exons in rna; thus introns are spliced out,  while exons are spliced together.

substrate.

底物

reagent in a catalytic reaction by an enzyme.

synthase.

合酶

a synthase is an enzyme that makes something but doesn’t directly require the hydrolysis of atp to do it.

synthetase.

合成酶

a synthetase requires the hydrolysis of atp to make the reaction go.

telomere.

端粒

specialized structure at the ends of chromosomes that allows replication of the extreme 5’ ends of the dna without loss of genetic information.

template strand.

模板链

the template strand, also known as the antisense strand, is one strand that the genetic information resides in the sequence of nucleotides in the double-stranded dna molecules. this is the strand of dna that is copied during nucleic acid synthesis.

terminator.

终止子

terminator is a sequence of dna , represented at the end of the transcript, that causes rna polymerase to terminate transcription.

thiamine pyrophosphate, tpp.

焦磷酸硫胺素

it is derived from the vitamin thiamine, which is required for decarboxylation of a-keto acids and also involved in some transfer reactions of aldehyde derivatives.

topoisomerase.

拓扑异构酶

enzymes that catalyze topologic changes of dna are called topoisomerases, which can relax or insert supercoils. topoisomer of dna can be interconverted only by cutting one or both dna strands and then rejoining them.

trans-acting factor.

反式作用因子

trans-acting factor is used to describe the effect of a product from one gene on the transcription of another gene.

transamination.

转氨基作用

the amino acid are degraded via reaction of transamination, in which the a-amino group is transferred to a acceptor a-ketoacid with production of the a-keto derivative of the amino acid.

transcription.

转录作用

the synthesis of rna using a dna template. rna polymerase catalyzes the synthesis and uses the antisense strand as a template.

transferrin.

运铁蛋白

transferrin carries two ferric ions and transfer them to cells having receptors for transferrin. association with transferrin diminishes the potential toxicity of free iron and directs iron to where it is required in the body.

translation.

翻译

the synthesis of protein directed by the nucleotides sequence of an mrna. translation occurs on ribosomes.

triglyceride.

甘油三酯

also called triacylglycerol. it is formed by glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains, which attached through ester linkages.

trna.

转运rna

transfer rna. they serve as adaptor for the translation of the information in the sequence of nucleotides of the mrna into specific amino acids.

ubiquinone.

泛醌

a redox carrier presented in the respiratory chain, which is also called coenzyme q. it exists in mitochondria, linking the flavoproteins to cytochrome b.

uncouples.

解偶联

allow protons back into the mitochondria without making any atp.

upstream.

上游

upstream identifies sequence proceeding in the opposite direction from expression; for example, the bacterial promoter is upstream of the transcription unit, the initiation codon is upstream of coding region.

urea cycle.

尿素循环

the pathway that excess ammonia produced by deamination is excreted after conversion to urea is called urea cycle. since urea synthesis converts toxic ammonia to nontoxic urea, the defects in urea synthesis result in ammonia intoxication.

vectors.

载体

something that can be used to introduce recombinant dna into a host organism. an insert is the piece of dna that has been placed into the vector.

vitamin b12.

维生素b12

this vitamin is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms. in animals, it is conserved in the liver. the absorption of vitamin b12 in the intestine is mediated by receptor sites,  , intrinsic factor. in clinic, deficiency of vitamin b12 can lead to anemia.

vitamin d.

维生素d

cholesterol is the precursor of vitamin d. by various metabolic changes in the body, cholesterol is converted into calcitiol, which plays an essential role in the control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

zwitterion.

兼性离子

an amino acid exhibits dipolar ions (zwitterion) rather than un-ionized molecules at suitable ph. in the dipolar form of an amino acid, the amino group is protonated and the carboxyl group is dissociated so that a molecule has zero charge.

ρ factor.

ρ因子

rho factor is a protein involved in assisting rna polymerase to terminate transcription at certain (rho-dependent) sites.

生物化学论文3

摘要：针对卫校学生特点，讨论如何选用科学的教学方法和手段激发学生的学习兴趣与动力，使学生由被动学习转变为主动学习，轻松学好生物化学，提高教学效果。

关键词：生物化学；卫校；学习兴趣

生物化学是研究生物体内化学分子与化学反应的基础生命科学，从分子水平探讨生命现象的本质。因为生物化学的理论和技术已渗透到医药卫生的各个领域，所以医学相关专业的学生都应该掌握生物化学的一些基本知识。然而，生物化学的自身特点影响了学生对这门学科的学习兴趣，例如基本概念多、大分子结构复杂、理论深奥、代谢复杂、内容抽象，学生难以直接感知，觉得枯燥乏味，甚至产生抵触心理。如何针对卫校学生特点采取有效教学方法，培养学生学习兴趣，提高生物化学学习效率，笔者做了一些尝试，取得了良好效果，现介绍如下。

1了解卫校学生特点，培养学生自信心

近年来，随着普通高中和大学的不断扩招，大多数学生在初中毕业之后选择上普通高中，而选择卫校的学生大部分是因为没考上高中或受家长之命被迫来的，他们往往有着一定的自卑感和压抑感。所以，教学中，要想调动学生学习生物化学的主动性，首先要建立平等民主、相互尊重的师生关系。卫校学生仅在初中学过无机化学课程，而生物化学这门课程，许多内容是与医学知识相联系的，学习起来有一定难度。因此，教师在教学过程中一定要充分调动学生的积极性，让学生敢想、敢问、敢质疑、敢发表自己的意见和见解，帮助学生逐渐建立学好生物化学的信心。此外，教师应站在和学生平等的位置上，面对回答错误、回答不上来甚至站起来一言不发的学生循循善诱，多方面引导，千万不可斥责挖苦；要从学生的回答中找出哪怕一丝一毫的闪光点，肯定他、鼓励他。

2加强生物化学知识与生活常识的联系，增加教学内容的普及性与趣味性

生物化学是一门与生活联系紧密的学科，生活中的很多事例都与生物化学有关，充分利用这些事例，不仅可以激发学生的学习兴趣，而且有益于学生运用所学知识去解释生活现象[1]。例如，在讲到蛋白质互补作用时，若按教材直接讲述，内容空洞乏味，学生只能死记硬背。此时可联系学生生活实际提问“有的同学小的`时候偏食，为什么家长会说，不能偏食，要食物多样化，荤素搭配”，学生回答“要营养均衡”。接着，教师再问“蛋白质营养价值的高低取决于什么”，让学生思考。然后教师进行提示“同学们，回顾一下以前学习的内容，组成蛋白质的基本单位是什么”，学生回答“氨基酸”。教师再问“必需氨基酸有几种”，学生进行回答，此时教师就可以给学生讲解“蛋白质营养价值的高低取决于必需氨基酸的种类、数量和比例”，最后给学生举个汉堡和豆浆搭配食用的例子，说明蛋白质互补作用的原理。将学生熟悉的生活常识与所学生物化学知识相结合，把复杂的知识点简单化，通过启发式教学，在复习以前学过的知识的同时，极大提高了学生的学习兴趣，调动了学生的学习积极性。

3多媒体教学与传统教学方式有机结合，提高学生学习兴趣

如今，多媒体教学已是一种较普遍的教学手段。然而，在中职生物化学教学中，多媒体的运用要恰到好处，不是用得越多越好，否则会分散学生注意力。传统教学可以促进学生知识与技能的掌握，教师可以灵活运用多种教学方法，比如讲述法、讨论法、活动法，等等。因此，在生物化学教学中，多媒体教学与传统教学应取长补短、完美结合[2]。首先，在形式上恰当运用多媒体教学手段，在内容上适当运用传统教学手段，避免了因形式上的完美掩盖内容贫乏的问题。例如：在讲解影响酶促反应速度的因素时，需要教师先用传统教学法讲解，然后配合多媒体手段加深学生对知识点的掌握和记忆。其次，教师应根据教材内容的需要及学生实际来决定使用何种教学手段。笔者认为，对于一些需要用感官去认识的内容，最好采用多媒体教学手段。例如：DNA的复制、转录、翻译这部分内容，过程非常复杂，参与反应的生物因子也比较多，学生单凭想象来理解，会非常困难，用Flash动画来演示整个过程，会吸引学生注意力，给学生留下直观生动的印象，从而大大降低学习难度。

4课堂穿插讨论、答辩及演讲，注重课堂效果，活跃课堂气氛

课堂教学气氛实质上就是课堂上师生群体的心理气氛，是洋溢于课堂这个特定环境中的情调和氛围，而良好的师生关系、和谐的教学氛围对提高课堂效率、减轻学生负担（包括心理负担）起着非常重要的作用。例如：可根据课程内容设计一些讨论，每次提前确定3～5个主讲人，针对主要知识点，在教师引导下，让学生先积极思考，给出答案，而后引导全体学生对其答案进行讨论、研究，最后教师补充、纠正、强化与完善，形成师生之间相互对话、相互讨论、相互交流和相互促进的一种氛围[3]。这样不但可以极大地调动学生的学习积极性和主动性，而且可以激发学生潜能，培养学生自我获取知识的能力。此外，也可以让学生在课前准备一些材料，以演讲的形式，将信息传递给其他同学，这样可以极大地调动学生的积极性，激发他们的学习兴趣。总之，根据卫校学生特点，在生物化学教学中选用科学的教学方法至关重要。合理的授课方式，不仅可以提高学生的生物化学学习兴趣，还可以取得事半功倍的效果。

参考文献：

[1]戚之琳，毕富勇。生物化学理论课教学方法探讨[J].卫生职业教育，20xx，26（22）：62-63.

[2]欧阳翌国。多媒体与传统教学方式在《生物化学》中的应用[J].中医药导报，20xx（4）：56.

[3]郭小芳，田智，周锋。医学高校生物化学教学的探索[J].医学教育探索，20xx（9）：1199-1200.

生物化学论文4

一、配位化学、生物配位化合物简述

配位化学

配位化学是在无机化学基础上发展起来的一门重要化学分支学科。1893年，Werner创立了配位化学，从创立到现在，经过100多年的发展历程，配位化学取得了长足的发展，尤其在现代测试技术和量子力学理论技术应用到其中之后，配位化学更是获得了飞速发展，无论是纵向还是横向上，配位化学都有了显著的进步。中心原子更加丰富，由以前的过渡金属、稀土金属元素发展到主族及非金属元素；配体也从以前单纯的有机分子或离子发展到氢、氮、氧、二氧化碳等；研究内容更加复杂深入，以前只是停留在研究配合物的合成和结构上，现在研究更加深入，更注重研究配合物功能和应用；研究对象也有了显著变化，之前只是研究简单的配合物，随着技术的更加成熟，研究的配合物也更加复杂。发展到现在，配位化学的发展已经超出了无机化学的范畴，逐渐独立成一个二级化学学科，同时配位化学在化学发展中还占据了重要地位，它既与化学中的分析化学、有机化学、生物化学、物理化学、高分子化学等联系紧密，同时也与很多学科密不可分，例如：生命科学、医药科学、材料科学、信息科学等。配位化学发展到这个状态，对配位化学工作者既是一个挑战，同时也是一个机遇，配位化学工作者应该抓住机遇迎接挑战，为配位化学的发展做出贡献。

生物配位化学

生物配位化合物就是生物体内金属离子和生物配体形成的配位化合物。生物配体主要包括蛋白质、肽、核酸、糖、糖蛋白及脂蛋白等大分子，也包括一些有机、无机离子如有机酸根、碳酸氢根、磷酸氢根等，以及某些维生素和激素小分子配位体。在广义范围内，一氧化碳分子和氧分子也是生物配位体。生物体内的一些金属离子，如果单独来看，这些金属离子是没有任何活性和功能的，但是一旦与其他生物配体结合后，形成了生物配体，那么这个配体就会根据不同的金属离子、配位体、结合方式等的不同表现出不同的活性和功能。金属配合物在生物化学中以其重要作用因而占有重要地位，并广泛：存在生物体中，例如各种各样的酶，许多都是一些复杂的金属配合物。酶的。作用非常大，由于它的催化作用，使很多无法在实验室中完成的实验，得以在生物体内完成了。经研究，生物体内的能量转换、各种代谢、氧气的输送等过程也都与金属配合物有着密切的联系。

二、生物配位化合物在生物体内的作用概述

血红素、叶绿素等都是生物体内复杂的金属配合物，它们在生物体内都发挥着重要作用。叶绿素是以Mg2+为中心的复杂配合物，在植物进行光合作用时，叶绿素的作用非常关键，它将植物吸收的二氧化碳和水经过一些列的作用合成为复杂的糖类，以供植物生长需要，这个过程实现了太阳能转化为化学能的过程。血红素是以Fe2+为中心的复杂配合物，血红素与有机大分子球蛋白相结合即为血红蛋白。

血红蛋白自身是蓝色的，当与大量氧结合时则呈现鲜红的颜色，如果氧含量低则呈现蓝色，这也就解释了静脉血颜色暗，动脉血颜色鲜艳的原因了，因为动脉含氧量高，而静脉含氧量低。血红蛋白H2O(暗色)+O2血红蛋白O2(鲜红色)+H2O，这个平衡对氧气的浓度很敏感。

在肺的部位，由于氧气浓度较高，导致该平衡主要向右倾斜，氧气以血红蛋白配合物的形式被红血球吸收，通过血液的传送，输送到各个细胞组织，以满足各个组织新陈代谢所学氧气的需要。然而，CO或CN-这些分子或负离子，它们会优先与氧气分子，它们与血红蛋白会形成更加稳定的配合物，因此，血红蛋白会跟加容易与这些分子或负离子结合，这样就会造成血液对氧气输送量的不足，从而导致各个细胞组织缺氧，阻碍了各组织的新陈代谢，从而造成中毒现象，这也解释了煤气中毒和氰化物中毒的原因。

除了上述两种关键的生物配位化合物外，还有维生素B12、血清蛋白、固氮酶等都在生物体内发挥着重要作用。维生素B12是Co的配合物，血清蛋白是Cu和Zn的配合物，固氮酶是Fe和Mo的配合物。维生素B12是人体代谢和生长所必需的维生素，血清单位起着重要的免疫作用，固氮酶是植物固氮菌中的重要活性酶。正由于人们越来越意识到这些生物配位化合物的重要性，世界各国对该领域的研究力度也逐渐加大，深入探索生物配位化合物的组成、结构、性能和一些反映机理，并进一步利用这些研究成果研发出一些仿生手段，该领域研究已逐步受到关注和重视。

除了上述的这些方面，在医疗药物方面，配合物也逐渐显现了它的优势，并已成功应用临床，取得了较好的效果。例如：EDTA可以作为Pb2+、Hg2+等中毒的解毒剂；顺式[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]也称为顺铂，由于其在抗癌方面效果表现较好，因此已用做治疗癌症的药物。一段时间以来，人们深入研究了生物配位化合物尤其是金属配位化合物，主要目的是为了透彻了解金属配位化合物的作用机理和金属配位化合物生物体内机能的关系，从而能够更加明白生物体内复杂的运行机制，以便为一些病变的治疗提供更可靠、更有效的解决方法。然而由于生物配位化合物的复杂性和多样性，人们对于很多生物配位化合物还没有研究清楚，还有待于进一步探索、发现。