参考文献的类型及格式【最新5篇】

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参考文献的类型及格式【第一篇】

一、参考文献的类型

参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：

M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章

D——学位论文 R——报告 S——标准 P——专利

A——文章

对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：

[DB/OL]——联机网上数据（database online）

[DB/MT]——磁带数据库（database on magnetic tape）

[M/CD]——光盘图书（monograph on CD？ROM）

[CP/DK]——磁盘软件（computer program on disk）

[J/OL]——网上期刊（serial online）

[EB/OL]——网上电子公告（electronic bulletin board online）

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：

①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母。如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, 如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的`首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & ;

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.

二、参考文献的格式及举例

1、期刊类

格式[序号]作者。篇名[J]。刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码。

举例

[1]周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J]。电气电子教学学报，2003（6）：107—109。

[2]夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J]。高等理科教育，2004（1）：46—52。

[3]Heider, & The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999,（3）： 62 – 67。

2、专著类

格式[序号]作者。书名[M]。出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。

举例

[4]刘国钧，王连成。图书馆史研究[M]。北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15—18，31。

[5]Gill， R. Mastering English Literature [M]。 London： Macmillan， 1985： 42—45。

3、报纸类

格式[序号]作者。篇名[N]。报纸名，出版日期（版次）。

举例

[6]李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]。光明日报，1998—12—27（3）。

[7]French， W。 Between Silences： A Voice from China[N]。 Atlantic Weekly， 1987—8—15（33）。

4、论文集

格式[序号]作者。篇名[C]。出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

举例

[8]伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]。上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12—17。

[9]Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988,

[10]Almarza, Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996.

5、学位论文

格式[序号]作者。篇名[D]。出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。

举例

[11]张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D]。北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所，1983：1—7。

6、研究报告

格式[序号]作者。篇名[R]。出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

举例

[12]冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R]。北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997：9—10。

7、专利

格式[序号]专利所有者。题名[P]。国别：专利号，发布日期。

举例

[13]万锦。中国大学学报论文文摘（1983–1993）。英文版[DB/CD]。北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996。

8、标准

格式[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S]。

举例

[14]GB/T 16159—1996，汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S]。

9、条例

格式[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期

举例

[15]中华人民共和国科学技术委员会。科学技术期刊管理办法[Z]。1991—06—05

10、电子文献

格式[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识]。或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。

举例

[16]王明亮。关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]。http：//cajcd。edu/pub/wml。txt/980810–2。html，1998–08–16/1998–10–04。

11、各种未定义类型的文献

格式[序号]主要责任者。文献题名[Z]。出版地：出版者，出版年。

三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

参考文献的类型及格式【第二篇】

我们可以具体的学习一下参考文献格式

[序号] 期刊作者．题名[J]．刊名．出版年，卷(期): 起止页码。

[序号] 专著作者．书名[M]．版次(第一版可略)．出版地：出版社，出版年∶起止页码。

[序号] 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名．出版地∶出版社，出版年∶起止页码。

[序号] 学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点：保存单位，年份。

[序号] 专利所有者。专利文献题名〔P〕．国别：专利号．发布日期。

[序号] 标准编号，标准名称〔S〕.出版地：出版者，出版年。

[序号] 报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名，出版日期(版次).

[序号] 报告作者．题名〔R〕．报告地：报告会主办单位，年份。

[序号] 电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期。

相信这些大家都很清楚怎么用，参考文献的书写也是不可忽略的一部分。其中有几个小点也许一直被同学所忽略，小编这里要提醒一下大家。第一，文献中的英文名字不可进行缩写，一定要写正确的人名称呼。第二中文和英文参考文献书写并不相同。中文的作者一般是“姓+名”；而英文参考文献是采用“姓，名。”的方式。第三，如果引用的中文文献作者有多个，一般是采用前三位作者署名，第三位作者后面添加等字；英文文献则采用，“姓，名，and名姓”的方式进行书写，除第一位以外，都按照正常顺序写。第四，特别需要注意的是注意无意间的空格，尤其是在书写英文的参考文献当中。第五，参考文献要按照论文引用文献顺序依次书写，这样论文的整体比较严谨，也不会混乱。

论文参考文献怎么写【第三篇】

[1]殷泰晖，李帅。基于TNS协议的。Oracle数据库安全性改进方法[J].合肥工业大学学报（自然科学版），2012，35（02）：193-196.

[2]孙钟安。大型数据库ORACLE数据库的优化设计思考[J].电脑知识与技术，2014，10（20）：4644-4645.

[3]于淑云，马继军。ORACLE数据库安全问题探析与应对策略[J].软件导刊，2010（12）：147-149.

[4]肖飞，黄正东，王光华，郭雪清。JAVA存储过程在Oracle数据库中的应用研究[J].中国数字医学，2014，9（03）：18.

[5]魏亚楠，宋义秋。Oracle数据库应用系统的性能优化[J].制造业自动化，2010，32（8）：204-206、222.

[6]曹新志，沈君姝，郭辉，等。Oracle数据库在PACS/RIS系统中的应用[J].中国医疗设备，2013（07）：35-37.

[7]彭小斌，张文峰，林根深。ORACLE数据库并发访问控制机制及访问冲突的解决方法[J].中国医疗设备，2013，28（01）：44-45、14.

[8]付强，王春平。基于半实物仿真的半自动跟踪技术开发平台[J]四川兵工学报，2012，33（08）：69-70、80.

[9]孔银昌，夏跃伟，刘兰兰，等。Oracle数据库安全策略和方法[J].煤炭技术，2012，31（03）：190-192.

[10]梁树杰，黄旭彬。Oracle数据库维护中自动跟踪技术的`应用分析[J].电子科技，2014，27（10）：61-63.

[11]刘哲。基于Oracle数据库系统的优化与性能调整研究[J].绿色科技，2015，05：283-284+287.

[12]胡铁峰。浅议如何调整优化Oracle9i数据库的性能[J].黑龙江科技信息，2014，22：86.

论文参考文献怎么写【第四篇】

[1]曹雪芹，高鹗著，李全华。标点《红楼梦》通行本[M].岳麓书社，1987.

[2]王昆仑。红楼梦人物论[M].三联书店出版社，1983.

[3]徐定宝。《红楼梦》后四十回是造成贾母性格逻择混乱的主要原因[J].明清小说研究，2000.

[4]曾扬华。贾母的烦恼[J].红楼梦学刊，1995.

[5]周汝昌。周汝昌点评红楼梦[M].团结出版社，2004.

学位论文类参考文献范例【第五篇】

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