英语长句子翻译技巧和方法5篇
【导读预览】此篇优秀范文“英语长句子翻译技巧和方法5篇”由阿拉题库网友为您整理分享，以供您参考学习之用，希望此篇资料对您有所帮助，喜欢就复制下载支持吧！
英语长句子翻译技巧和方法篇1
英语长句子翻译技巧
对于每一个英语句子的翻译, 并不只是使用一种翻译方法, 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时, 首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;
(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。
（2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
英语长句子翻译技巧和方法篇2
课本(4~7)unit4 volunteers sent by the red cross disinfected , with great caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague 红十字会派遣的志愿人员非常小心的对村里的饮用水进行消毒，以避免爆发瘟疫 in spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.爱因斯坦用了多年时间试图把电磁学理论和引力理论结合起来，但没有成功 sor wang received / won the presidential award fro his excellence in stimulating students’ creative imagination.因其在激发学生创造想象力方面的出色表现，王教授获得了校长奖
there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn’t approve of the economic stimulus package.因存在一些设计上的重大缺陷，董事会没有同意那个经济刺激计划
realized that nobody could help him, jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and meet the challenge by himself.乔丹意识到没人能给他帮助，终于得出结论他必须面对现实，独自接受挑战 unit5 a took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.奶奶想当然的认为粮价要涨，所以买了许多大米
can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.我可以给你引用几个例子来说明她献身科学的精神
1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in 世纪80年代中国一些经济特区开始迅速发展起来
4．tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.两国关系的紧张部分是由最近的间谍事件引起的
has worked in a law firm for many can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.彼得已在一家律师事务所当了多年律师，你可以考虑请他做你的律师，当你需要法律援助时，由他代你行事 unit6 red house stands out against the old trees that reach high up to the sky.这座红房子在参天古树的映衬下十分夺目
salary in/for my new job is great, but for the rest, i’m not satisfied.我的新工作薪酬很高，但是其它方面我并不满意 waters of the two streams mingle near our village.两条溪流的水在我们村子附近汇合了
should not mock at other people’s religious beliefs.我们不应该嘲笑别人的宗教信仰
curtains of the room are not quite in tune with the style of the furniture.这间房间的窗帘同家具的风格不太协调 unit7 grew terribly scared when i heard sound of footsteps echoing round the hallway at midnight yesterday.昨天半夜我听到脚步声在过道在过道里回荡，心里害怕极了 name-brand sports shoes are guaranteed for 12months.这些名牌运动鞋保穿12个月
orms threw communications and transportation into disorder.雪暴使交通运输陷入混乱
’ve been suffering a lot of stress from work lately, i feel like taking a vacation at the seaside.我最近工作压力很大，我想去海边度假
in an apartment is all right, but it has its limitations---for example, you don’t have your own gardens.住公寓不错，但有其局限———比如说，没有自家花园
课课练(4~7)unit4 than five million children have gotten health insurance in the last 4 years,（超过三百万的家庭已经摆脱贫困）more than three million families have been lifted out of poverty. appearance of e-business and the fast-growing internet economy are(为中国的进出口贸易提供了新的增长机遇)providing new growth opportunities for china*s import and export trade have many reasons to believe(一个更加光明美好的未来在等着我们)a better and brighter future is awaiting us the board members,except the president,voted for my proposal（除董事长之外的所有董事会成员都投票赞成我的建议）to set up a branch office on the outskirts of town stead of going skiing(孩子们没有去滑雪),the children went skating last 5 people laughted at her,but after a while(他们开始认真对待她了)they atebegan to take her seriously thought that life was just(一连串无休止的聚会)an endless succession of parties was so tired that(她不能将注意力集中在工作上)she couldn*t concentrate on her work
has worked in the company for ten years,and(为公司的发展做出了重大贡献)has made an important contribution to the company*s development response to the pressure of the economic crisis（在经济危机的压力下），many companies began to dismiss 6 *t get involved in love games too if(要是……该是怎么办)you suffer from failure in love? car(尽给我添麻烦)has brought me nothing but troubles ever since ibought not to breathe in/trying to avoid breading in(努力不吸入)the vapor,thomas turned his for his wife*s encouragement,he(就不能发明那个机器)would have been unable to invent/could not have invented the machine isn*t until we have the approval from the authority concerned(直到得到有关当局的批准)that we can start the 7 could not have missed our train(我们是不会错过火车的)if we had set off half an hour sooner had she entered the room,(电话铃就响了)when the telephone rang t you help(我们是不能按时完成任务的)we could not have finished our task in time are sure to pass the exam(只要你刻苦学习),as long as you work hard new bridge(正在建设当中)is under construction
英语长句子翻译技巧和方法篇3
背离传统it takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.汤姆过去tom used to be very shy,but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.很多教育家many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.假设那幅名画assuming this painting really is a masterpiece,do you think it’s worthwhile to buy it?
如果这些数据统计if the data is statistically valid,it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.该公司否认the company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.每当他生气whenever he was angry ,he would begin to stammer slightly.背离传统it takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.汤姆过去tom used to be very shy,but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.很多教育家many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.假设那幅名画assuming this painting really is a masterpiece,do you think it’s worthwhile to buy it?
如果这些数据统计if the data is statistically valid,it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.该公司否认the company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.每当他生气whenever he was angry ,he would begin to stammer slightly.背离传统it takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.汤姆过去tom used to be very shy,but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.很多教育家many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.假设那幅名画assuming this painting really is a masterpiece,do you think it’s worthwhile to buy it?
如果这些数据统计if the data is statistically valid,it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.该公司否认the company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.每当他生气whenever he was angry ,he would begin to stammer slightly.背离传统it takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.汤姆过去tom used to be very shy,but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.很多教育家many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.假设那幅名画assuming this painting really is a masterpiece,do you think it’s worthwhile to buy it?
如果这些数据统计if the data is statistically valid,it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.该公司否认the company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.每当他生气whenever he was angry ,he would begin to stammer slightly.教cherished tradition in our 育是我们education is the most s ’at expensive restaurants,but sent me to why my parents never took me to dinner the best private school.手术康复the shortly to surgery,he lost after his he job recovered and thus from had his through another difficult phase of 与我们的neighbors,my in contrast to our affluent poor parents are our minimal needs.,but they have always tried to rather meet 科学家们water on mars?
have scientist found proof of 计划委员会narrowed the nuclear power plant to two coastal down the planning committee has the possible locations for towns.山姆不仅also for the rest of his sam not only lost his job but legs;he had to live on welfare 由十二人voted in unison that mary was jury consisting of 12 members 听到有人talent being felt humiliated to hear his 研究表明bring a lot of health ch shows that laughter can 互联网is really show internet connection speed 法someone commit suicide is a crime.律规定as the law stands ,helping 玛interpret 丽在in different her data report from ,mary a completely tries to 苏是一个amazing memory sets her apart from her sue is a girl of great classmates.是工人和dedication it is the creativity and the that of the the company workers into and a executives profitable 食medicine have soared in the past three 品和医药the prices of food and months.我们打算floors of the office plan to repaint the upper 他popularity and artistic merit sometimes 的成功his success shows that coincide.我不愿意grandmother lying in a hospital bed and i don’t want to see my beloved groaning painfully.教cherished tradition in our 育是我们education is the most s ’at expensive restaurants,but sent me to why my parents never took me to dinner the best private school.手术康复the shortly to surgery,he lost after his he job recovered and thus from had his through another difficult phase of 与我们的neighbors,my in contrast to our affluent poor parents are our minimal needs.,but they have always tried to rather meet 科学家们water on mars?
have scientist found proof of 计划委员会narrowed the nuclear power plant to two coastal down the planning committee has the possible locations for towns.山姆不仅also for the rest of his sam not only lost his job but legs;he had to live on welfare 由十二人voted in unison that mary was jury consisting of 12 members 听到有人talent being felt humiliated to hear his 研究表明bring a lot of health ch shows that laughter can 互联网is really show internet connection speed 法someone commit suicide is a crime.律规定as the law stands ,helping 玛interpret 丽在in different her data report from ,mary a completely tries to 苏是一个amazing memory sets her apart from her sue is a girl of great classmates.是工人和dedication it is the creativity and the that of the the company workers into and a executives profitable 食medicine have soared in the past three 品和医药the prices of food and months.我们打算floors of the office plan to repaint the upper 他popularity and artistic merit sometimes 的成功his success shows that coincide.我不愿意grandmother lying in a hospital bed and i don’t want to see my beloved groaning painfully.教cherished tradition in our 育是我们education is the most s ’at expensive restaurants,but sent me to why my parents never took me to dinner the best private school.手术康复the shortly to surgery,he lost after his he job recovered and thus from had his through another difficult phase of 与我们的neighbors,my in contrast to our affluent poor parents are our minimal needs.,but they have always tried to rather meet 科学家们water on mars?
have scientist found proof of 计划委员会narrowed the nuclear power plant to two coastal down the planning committee has the possible locations for towns.山姆不仅also for the rest of his sam not only lost his job but legs;he had to live on welfare 由十二人voted in unison that mary was jury consisting of 12 members 听到有人talent being felt humiliated to hear his 研究表明bring a lot of health ch shows that laughter can 互联网is really show internet connection speed 法someone commit suicide is a crime.律规定as the law stands ,helping 玛interpret 丽在in different her data report from ,mary a completely tries to 苏是一个amazing memory sets her apart from her sue is a girl of great classmates.是工人和dedication it is the creativity and the that of the the company workers into and a executives profitable 食medicine have soared in the past three 品和医药the prices of food and months.我们打算floors of the office plan to repaint the upper 他popularity and artistic merit sometimes 的成功his success shows that coincide.我不愿意grandmother lying in a hospital bed and i don’t want to see my beloved groaning painfully.教cherished tradition in our 育是我们education is the most s ’at expensive restaurants,but sent me to why my parents never took me to dinner the best private school.手术康复the shortly to surgery,he lost after his he job recovered and thus from had his through another difficult phase of 与我们的neighbors,my in contrast to our affluent poor parents are our minimal needs.,but they have always tried to rather meet 科学家们water on mars?
have scientist found proof of 计划委员会narrowed the nuclear power plant to two coastal down the planning committee has the possible locations for towns.山姆不仅also for the rest of his sam not only lost his job but legs;he had to live on welfare 由十二人voted in unison that mary was jury consisting of 12 members 听到有人talent being felt humiliated to hear his 研究表明bring a lot of health ch shows that laughter can 互联网is really show internet connection speed 法someone commit suicide is a crime.律规定as the law stands ,helping 玛interpret 丽在in different her data report from ,mary a completely tries to 苏是一个amazing memory sets her apart from her sue is a girl of great classmates.是工人和dedication it is the creativity and the that of the the company workers into and a executives profitable 食medicine have soared in the past three 品和医药the prices of food and months.我们打算floors of the office plan to repaint the upper 他popularity and artistic merit sometimes 的成功his success shows that coincide.我不愿意grandmother lying in a hospital bed and i don’t want to see my beloved groaning painfully.
英语长句子翻译技巧和方法篇4
凯程考研，为学员服务，为学生引路！
2018考研英语长难句翻译技巧：分句法
长难句是考研英语翻译和阅读中常见的一个难点，是考生必须要攻克的壁垒之一。攻克长难句的指导思想就是拆分解读，需要考生配合相应的一些技巧，本文中要分享的就是长难句翻译的分句法，大家理解学习。
2018考研英语长难句翻译技巧：分句法
分句法，有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述，为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。例如：
例 number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子，但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译，就可能被翻译成：
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为 1/4。这样，就使得译文极为不通顺，不符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，我们应该把它译为：大约有 1/4 的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。
例 sion,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85 年考题)
分析：在此长句中，有一个插入语“it is often said”，三个并列的谓语结构，还有一个定语从句，这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子，但都有独立的意义，因此在翻译时，可以采用分句法，按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句，结果为：人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子：
例 they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85 年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开，就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧，以及
其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
页 共 1 页
凯程考研，为学员服务，为学生引路！
例 gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
长难句是考研英语翻译和阅读中常见的一个难点，是考生必须要攻克的壁垒之一。攻克长难句的指导思想就是拆分解读，需要考生配合相应的一些技巧，凯程网考研频道本文中要分享的就是长难句翻译的分句法，大家理解学习。
2017考研英语长难句翻译技巧：分句法
分句法，有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述，为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。例如：
例 number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子，但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译，就可能被翻译成：
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为 1/4。这样，就使得译文极为不通顺，不符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，我们应该把它译为：大约有 1/4 的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。
例 sion,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85 年考题)
分析：在此长句中，有一个插入语“it is often said”，三个并列的谓语结构，还有一个定语从句，这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子，但都有独立的意义，因此在翻译时，可以采用分句法，按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句，结果为：人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子：
例 they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85 年考题)2 页 共 2 页
凯程考研，为学员服务，为学生引路！
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开，就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧，以及
其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例 gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
其实看看凯程考研怎么样，最简单的一个办法，看看他们有没有成功的学生，最直观的办法是到凯程网站，上面有大量学员经验谈视频，这些都是凯程扎扎实实的辅导案例，其他机构网站几乎没有考上学生的视频，这就是凯程和其他机构的优势，凯程是扎实辅导、严格管理、规范教学取得如此优秀的成绩。
辨别凯程和其他机构谁靠谱的办法。
凯程考研，为学员服务，为学生引路！
页 共 4 页
英语长句子翻译技巧和方法篇5
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
orists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为:
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考题)
分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法，这个句子我们可以翻译为：
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: a.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;b.电仍在为我们工作;c.帮我们开动电冰箱;d.加热水;e.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)分析: 该句的骨干结构为“it is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: a.可是现在人们意识到;b.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;c.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;d.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique inspaniduals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
um remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: a.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;b.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;c.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧结合;e.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: a.……变的越来越重要;b.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;c.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例 great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late 年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
s would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
number of the young people in the united states who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为: 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
sion, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: a: 人们不敢出门;b: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;c: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, b表示让步, c表示原因, 而a则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
his cue from ibsen's a doll's house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。